Pollution Science 101 - 

                    The Antarctic & Arctic Poles

 

                                                    Editor: Michael Ross

                                                    Emergency release

 

                                                      June 17th, 2023 

 

                                              Updated: August 8th, 2024 

 

                                          (Open Edit - Unfinished Edition) 

 

                                                   PollutionScience.com

 

                                               MonsantoInvestigation.com 

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The Biden Administration has kidnapped reporter Michael James Ross from PollutionScience.com. We need help from the public to stop this illegal arrest of Michael James Ross by the Joe Biden Administration and Democrats. For more information about the illegal arrest of Michael Ross and the multi-million dollar wrongful arrest lawsuit, please view our Book Pollution Science 101 - Florida.

 

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 Pollution Science X - Florida - (Pollution Science 101 - Florida)

April 4th, 2024

PollutionScience101Florida.blogspot.com

 

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Michael Ross from PollutionScience.com refuses to complete these books until the authorities stop the illegal court trial of Michael James Ross and let Michael Ross go free. These books will remain unfinished as a reminder to the poor treatment of American scientists and journalists under the Biden administration.

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Pollution Science 101 - The Arctic

 

June 17th, 2023

 

PollutionScience101Arctic.blogspot.com

 

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Pollution Science 101 - The Antarctic

June 17th, 2023

PollutionScience101Antarctic.blogspot.com

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This is not a Liquid or Gas

https://youtube.com/shorts/aTmWUBzntOE?feature=share


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Scientist New Discovery In Antarctica Nobody Would Have Believed!

Jul 20, 2022

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FLvQHy5s-aI


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Investigations on baseline levels for natural radioactivity in soils, rocks, and lakes of Larsemann Hills in East Antarctica

18 November 2021

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10661-021-09446-8


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24 Most Dangerous and Difficult Mountains to Climb

Oct 23, 2017

2:28 - Mount Vinson, Antarctica

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8OLwhtSLIA8


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Strange Places On Earth That Seem Scientifically Impossible

Aug 20, 2022

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4PAuT9nqO3c

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These Places Shouldn’t Exist On Earth But They Damn Well DO! - Part 2

Jul 19, 2021

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7v7HRlvdgrQ

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What They Discovered in Antarctica Shocked the Whole World

Aug 13, 2022

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-FvX8b1ejEk








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The Mystery Of 536 AD: The Worst Climate Disaster In History | Catastrophe | Timeline

Jun 23, 2017

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cKUz5Vjq9-s


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Scientist's Terrifying NEW Discoveries Under Antarctica's Ice

Jun 19, 2022

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6iM3kHSRNu8

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Cave Diving Gone Wrong | The First Iceberg Cave Dive

Jun 20, 2022

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3t7_3Zczr1I


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Living Aboard South Pole's Polar Research Ship | Antarctica: Journey Into The White Desert | Spark

Oct 27, 2021

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=upgQp2AX_k8

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Researchers Find Extraterrestrial Amino Acids in Antarctic Meteorite

Aug 31, 2020

A team of astrobiologists from NASA’s Goddard Space Flight Center and the Carnegie Institution for Science has found a wide diversity of amino acids in Asuka 12236, a carbonaceous chondrite meteorite recovered from the Nansen Ice Field in Antarctica by Belgium and Japan researchers in 2012...

http://www.sci-news.com/space/extraterrestrial-amino-acids-antarctic-meteorite-08796.html

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Holocene subsurface temperature variability in the eastern Antarctic continental margin

28 March 2012

 

We reconstructed subsurface (∼45–200 m water depth) temperature variability in the eastern Antarctic continental margin during the late Holocene, using an archaeal lipid-based temperature proxy (TEX₈₆^L). Our results reveal that subsurface temperature changes were probably positively coupled to the variability of warmer, nutrient-rich Modified Circumpolar Deep Water (MCDW, deep water of the Antarctic circumpolar current) intrusion onto the continental shelf. The TEX₈₆^Lrecord, in combination with previously published climatic records, indicates that this coupling was probably related to the thermohaline circulation, seasonal variability in sea ice extent, sea temperature, and wind associated with high frequency climate dynamics at low-latitudes such as internal El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO). This in turn suggests a linkage between centennial ENSO-like variability at low-latitudes and intrusion variability of MCDW into the eastern Antarctic continental shelf, which might have further impact on ice sheet evolution.

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2012GL051157

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The co-existence of cold activity and thermal stability in an Antarctic GH42 β-galactosidase relies on its hexameric quaternary arrangement

04 May 2020

 

Abstract

 

To survive in cold environments, psychrophilic organisms produce enzymes endowed with high specific activity at low temperature. The structure of these enzymes is usually flexible and mostly thermolabile. In this work, we investigate the structural basis of cold adaptation of a GH42 β-galactosidase from the psychrophilic Marinomonas ef1. This enzyme couples cold activity with astonishing robustness for a psychrophilic protein, for it retains 23% of its highest activity at 5 °C and it is stable for several days at 37 °C and even 50 °C. Phylogenetic analyses indicate a close relationship with thermophilic β-galactosidases, suggesting that the present-day enzyme evolved from a thermostable scaffold modeled by environmental selective pressure. The crystallographic structure reveals the overall similarity with GH42 enzymes, along with a hexameric arrangement (dimer of trimers) not found in psychrophilic, mesophilic, and thermophilic homologues. In the quaternary structure, protomers form a large central cavity, whose accessibility to the substrate is promoted by the dynamic behavior of surface loops, even at low temperature. A peculiar cooperative behavior of the enzyme is likely related to the increase of the internal cavity permeability triggered by heating. Overall, our results highlight a novel strategy of enzyme cold adaptation, based on the oligomerization state of the enzyme, which effectively challenges the paradigm of cold activity coupled with intrinsic thermolability.

https://febs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/febs.15354

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Contribution of ammonia oxidation to chemoautotrophy in Antarctic coastal waters.

2016

https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8kw9m35p

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`Rare' bug dominates the oceans

19 November 1994

https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg14419522-700-rare-bug-dominates-the-oceans/

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Evaluation of lipid biomarkers as proxies for sea ice and ocean temperatures along the Antarctic continental margin

29 Oct 2021

https://cp.copernicus.org/articles/17/2305/2021/

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Antarctica: Mining, Minerals and Fuel Resources

Nov 19 2012

https://www.azomining.com/Article.aspx?ArticleID=239

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Impact of silica mining on environment

2015

https://academicjournals.org/journal/JGRP/article-full-text-pdf/915EC0C53587

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PHYSIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF FUNGI ASSOCIATED WITH ANTARCTIC ENVIRONMENTS

2016

https://scholarworks.montana.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/1/9835/KudalkarP0516.pdf?sequence=1

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Microbes Thrive on Pulverized Rock Under a Half-Mile of Antarctic Ice

July 23, 2021

https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/microbes-thrive-pulverized-rock-under-half-mile-antarctic-ice-1-180978275/

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Benthic Bacterial Diversity in Submerged Sinkhole Ecosystems

2009 Oct 30

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2798655/

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Ancient Microbes May Help Us Find Extraterrestrial Life Forms

June 27, 2022

Using light-capturing proteins in living microbes, scientists have reconstructed what life was like for some of Earth’s earliest organisms. These efforts could help us recognize signs of life on other planets, whose atmospheres may more closely resemble our pre-oxygen planet.

The earliest living things, including bacteria and single-celled organisms called archaea, inhabited a primarily oceanic planet without an ozone layer to protect them from the sun’s radiation. These microbes evolved rhodopsins — proteins with the ability to turn sunlight into energy, using them to power cellular processes...

http://astrobiology.com/2022/06/ancient-microbes-may-help-us-find-extraterrestrial-life-forms.html

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Surface ammonia-oxidizer abundance during the late summer in the West Antarctic Coastal System

2022

https://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/186351

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Cryptic Life in the Antarctic Dry Valleys

2010

https://schaechter.asmblog.org/schaechter/2010/01/cr.html

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Bacterial diversity of the rock-water interface in an East Antarctic freshwater ecosystem, Lake Tawani(P)

01 February 2013

https://aquaticbiosystems.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/2046-9063-9-4

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Microorganisms (Bacteria and Archaea) in the marine cavity beneath the McMurdo Ice Shelf, Antarctica

19 March 2019

https://ipt.biodiversity.aq/resource?r=microbes_sub_ice_seawater_antarctica&v=1.1

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Unexpected host dependency of Antarctic Nanohaloarchaeota

2019

https://eprints.utas.edu.au/32407/

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Host species determines symbiotic community composition in Antarctic sponges (Porifera: Demospongiae)

2020

https://digital.csic.es/handle/10261/213988

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Charting the diversity of uncultured viruses of Archaea and Bacteria

29 December 2019

https://bmcbiol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12915-019-0723-8

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Non-native microbial introductions: what risk to Antarctic ecosystems?

13 Mar 2018

https://environments.aq/publications/non-native-microbial-introductions-what-risk-to-antarctic-ecosystems/

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NASA Space Lasers Discover New Lakes Under Antarctic Ice

July 9, 2021

https://scitechdaily.com/nasa-space-lasers-discover-new-lakes-under-antarctic-ice/

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Antarctic ice shelf crack grows 11 miles and will create one of the largest icebergs ever

June 2, 2017

https://www.aol.com/article/news/2017/06/02/antarctic-ice-shelf-crack-grows-11-miles-and-will-create-one-of/22122906/


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Antarctica's hidden Lake Vostok found to teem with life

July 7, 2013

https://www.nbcnews.com/sciencemain/antarcticas-hidden-lake-vostok-found-teem-life-6C10561955


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Short-term effect of elevated temperature on the abundance and diversity of bacterial and archaeal amoA genes in antarctic soils

2013

https://koreauniv.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/short-term-effect-of-elevated-temperature-on-the-abundance-and-di

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Crenarchaeota

http://tolweb.org/Crenarchaeota

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Complete genome sequence of the Antarctic Halorubrum lacusprofundi type strain ACAM 34

10 September 2016

https://environmentalmicrobiome.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40793-016-0194-2

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Developing a genetic manipulation system for the Antarctic archaeon, Halorubrum lacusprofundi: investigating acetamidase gene function

06 October 201

https://opus.lib.uts.edu.au/bitstream/10453/54864/1/2016%20Liao%20Sci%20Rep%20Genetic%20manipulation%20of%20Halorubrum%20lacusprofundi.pdf

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A microbial ecosystem beneath the West Antarctic ice sheet

2014

https://scholarworks.montana.edu/xmlui/handle/1/8712

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Riddles in the cold: Antarctic endemism and microbial succession impact methane cycling in the Southern Ocean

22 July 2020

https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2020.1134

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Abundance and distribution of planktonic Archaea and Bacteria in the waters west of the Antarctic Peninsula. Limnol. Oceanogr (2003)

https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.531.2933

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Archaeal Membrane Lipid-Based Paleothermometry for Applications in Polar Oceans

July 8, 2020

https://tos.org/oceanography/article/archaeal-membrane-lipid-based-paleothermometry-for-applications-in-polar-oceans

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Lifting the veil on arid-to-hyperarid Antarctic soil microbiomes: a tale of two oases

16 March 2020

Abstract

Background

Resident soil microbiota play key roles in sustaining the core ecosystem processes of terrestrial Antarctica, often involving unique taxa with novel functional traits. However, the full scope of biodiversity and the niche-neutral processes underlying these communities remain unclear. In this study, we combine multivariate analyses, co-occurrence networks and fitted species abundance distributions on an extensive set of bacterial, micro-eukaryote and archaeal amplicon sequencing data to unravel soil microbiome patterns of nine sites across two east Antarctic regions, the Vestfold Hills and Windmill Islands. To our knowledge, this is the first microbial biodiversity report on the hyperarid Vestfold Hills soil environment.

https://microbiomejournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40168-020-00809-w

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The first look at how archaea package their DNA reveals they’re a lot like us

August 10, 2017

Peek into microbes hints that packing scheme for genetic material goes way back

https://www.sciencenews.org/article/first-look-how-archaea-package-their-dna-reveals-theyre-lot-us

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Life Discovered In Antarctic Lake That Hasn't Seen Sunlight For Millions Of Years

Aug 21, 2014

https://www.huffpost.com/entry/antarctic-lake-microbes-beneath-ice-video_n_5697428

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Bacteria rule: Life found deep beneath Antarctic ice!

2014

https://whyfiles.org/2014/bacteria-rule-life-found-deep-beneath-antarctic-ice/index.html

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Diversity of free-living prokaryotes from a deep-sea site at the Antarctic Polar Front

01 July 2001

https://academic.oup.com/femsec/article/36/2-3/193/543045?login=false

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Identification of Microbial Dark Matter in Antarctic Environments.

19 Dec 2018

https://europepmc.org/article/MED/30619224

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The cold case of Deep Lake

2016

Conditions in an isolated lake in eastern Antarctica are so hostile that almost nothing can survive there. For a small group of extremophile microbes, there’s nowhere else they’d rather be...

http://www.lateralmag.com/articles/issue-7/the-cold-case-of-deep-lake

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Microbial Community Composition of the Antarctic Ecosystems: Review of the Bacteria, Fungi, and Archaea Identified through an NGS-Based Metagenomics Approach

18 June 2022

https://www.mdpi.com/2075-1729/12/6/916

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Microbiology Resource of the Month: Rock-Inhabiting Microbes

Oct. 8, 2021

https://asm.org/Articles/2021/October/Microbiology-Resource-of-the-Month-Rock-Inhabiting

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Palm trees 'grew on Antarctica'

1 August 2012

https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-19077439

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Life Found 800 Meters Down in Antarctic Subglacial Lake

August 20, 2014

Samples from Lake Whillans, hidden under ice, contain thousands of microbes and hint at vast ecosystems yet to be discovered

https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/life-found-800-meters-down-in-antarctic-subglacial-lake/

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Life can persist in cold, dark world: Life under Antarctic ice explored

August 20, 2014

Summary:

The first breakthrough article to come out of a massive U.S. expedition to one of Earth's final frontiers shows that there's life and an active ecosystem one-half mile below the surface of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet, specifically in a lake that hasn't seen sunlight or felt a breath of wind for millions of years. The life is in the form of microorganisms that live beneath the enormous Antarctic ice sheet and convert ammonium and methane into the energy required for growth.

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2014/08/140820140019.htm

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Abundance and distribution of planktonic Archaea and Bacteria in the waters west of the Antarctic Peninsula

2003

https://www.academia.edu/13031711/Abundance_and_distribution_of_planktonic_Archaea_and_Bacteria_in_the_waters_west_of_the_Antarctic_Peninsula

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Diversity, abundance and activity of methanogenic archaea beneath the Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets

December 2009

https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009AGUFM.B23C0379S/abstract

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Sub-zero heroes: extremophiles call salty Antarctic lakes home

September 30, 2013

https://theconversation.com/sub-zero-heroes-extremophiles-call-salty-antarctic-lakes-home-18734

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Cold stress response in Archaea

December 2000

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s007920070001

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Antarctic salt-loving microbes provide insights into evolution of viruses

August 21, 2017

https://phys.org/news/2017-08-antarctic-salt-loving-microbes-insights-evolution.html

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Bacteria and Archaea in different soil types on King George Island (South Shetland Islands, Antarctica)

2019

https://www.gbif.org/dataset/84d7d83b-94d2-4d44-a541-2c9e51e0f972

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Diverse Microbial Ecosystem Discovered in Antarctic Subglacial Lake Whillans

Aug 21, 2014

http://www.sci-news.com/biology/science-microbial-ecosystem-antarctic-subglacial-lake-whillans-02110.html

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High abundance of Archaea in Antarctic marine picoplankton

1994

https://www.academia.edu/9732231/High_abundance_of_Archaea_in_Antarctic_marine_picoplankton

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High archaeal diversity in Antarctic circumpolar deep waters

2011

https://www.deepdyve.com/lp/wiley/high-archaeal-diversity-in-antarctic-circumpolar-deep-waters-d6HQl0ohaH

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Biotechnological applications of archaeal enzymes from extreme environments

2018

https://biolres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40659-018-0186-3

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Bacteria and Archaea in different soil types on King George Island (South Shetland Islands, Antarctica)

2019

https://ipt.biodiversity.aq/resource.do?r=bacteria_and_archaea_in_different_king_george_island_soils&request_locale=en

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Life Confirmed Under Antarctic Ice; Is Space Next?

2014

https://www.forbes.com/sites/ericmack/2014/08/20/life-confirmed-under-antarctic-ice-is-space-next/?sh=5223034750a2

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Newly-Discovered Mechanism Explains How Tardigrades Survive Extreme Dehydration

Sep 8, 2022

https://www.sci.news/biology/tardigrade-dehydration-11179.html


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Ammonia-Oxidising Archaea – Physiology, Ecology and Evolution

2010

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/B9780123810458000011

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Cold Adaptation in the Antarctic Archaeon Methanococcoides burtonii Involves Membrane Lipid Unsaturation

2004

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC532414/

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Characterization of Bacterial, Archaeal and Eukaryote Symbionts from Antarctic Sponges Reveals a High Diversity at a Three-Domain Level and a Particular Signature for This Ecosystem

2015

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/282345355_Characterization_of_Bacterial_Archaeal_and_Eukaryote_Symbionts_from_Antarctic_Sponges_Reveals_a_High_Diversity_at_a_Three-Domain_Level_and_a_Particular_Signature_for_This_Ecosystem

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Metabolic potential of uncultured bacteria and archaea associated with petroleum seepage in deep-sea sediments

18 April 2019

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-09747-0/

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High archaeal diversity in Antarctic circumpolar deep waters

11 October 2011

https://sfamjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1758-2229.2011.00282.x

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Antarctic archaea–virus interactions: metaproteome-led analysis of invasion, evasion and adaptation

2015 Jun 30

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4542027/

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High abundance of Archaea in Antarctic marine picoplankton

20 October 1994

https://www.nature.com/articles/371695a0

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SEASONAL PRODUCTION AND BACTERIAL UTILIZATION OF DOC IN THE ROSS SEA, ANTARCTICA

2003

http://pal.lternet.edu/docs/bibliography/Public/260lterc.pdf

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Archaeal diversity revealed in Antarctic sea ice

25 May 2011

https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antarctic-science/article/abs/archaeal-diversity-revealed-in-antarctic-sea-ice/34CA61A0964952B64E5547072E2166E1

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 Defining a pan-genome for Antarctic archaea

September 6, 2018

https://phys.org/news/2018-09-pan-genome-antarctic-archaea.html

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Archaic chaos: intrinsically disordered proteins in Archaea

28 May 2010

https://bmcsystbiol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1752-0509-4-S1-S1

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Keeping an Eye on Antarctic Ice Sheet Stability

March 16, 2019

https://tos.org/oceanography/article/keeping-an-eye-on-antarctic-ice-sheet-stability

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Prokaryotic Diversity and Metabolically Active Communities in Brines from Two Perennially Ice-Covered Antarctic Lakes

2021

https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/pdfplus/10.1089/ast.2020.2238

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Accomplishments & Reports: Antarctic Archaeoplankton

https://hahana.soest.hawaii.edu/santacls/viik.html

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Antarctic Marine Microbes Need Their Multivitamins

December 2017

https://darwinproject.mit.edu/antarctic-marine-microbes-need-their-multivitamins/

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Secret Silent Source of Climate Change Revealed

Nov 13, 2019

The hotter it gets, the faster bacteria breathe and the more carbon dioxide and methane they emit — and bacteria comprise half the globe’s biomass

https://www.haaretz.com/science-and-health/2019-11-13/ty-article/.premium/secret-silent-source-of-climate-change-revealed/0000017f-ef4f-d497-a1ff-efcfa1b80000

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High abundance of Archaea in Antarctic marine picoplankton

1994

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7935813/

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Cave Diving Gone Wrong | The First Iceberg Cave Dive

Jun 20, 2022

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3t7_3Zczr1I

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Source of mysterious global tsunami found near Antarctica

 
2022

A rare, multi-part earthquake that disturbed waters in three oceans is helping scientists understand how different types of quakes can trigger tsunamis.

https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/source-of-mysterious-global-tsunami-found-near-antarctica

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Japan Tsunami Broke Huge Icebergs Off Antarctica

August 08, 2011

https://www.livescience.com/15447-japan-tsunami-broke-icebergs-antarctica.html

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Holocene Indian Ocean sea level, Antarctic melting history and past Tsunami deposits inferred using sea level reconstructions from the Sri Lankan, Southeastern Indian and Maldivian coasts

2018

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0277379118304426

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Ancient tsunami may have struck Falkland Islands

16 March 2020

https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-50855389

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Tsunami and infragravity waves impacting Antarctic ice shelves***

16 June 2017

 

Abstract

 

The responses of the Ross Ice Shelf (RIS) to the 16 September 2015 8.3 (M_w) Chilean earthquake tsunami (>75 s period) and to oceanic infragravity (IG) waves (50–300 s period) were recorded by a broadband seismic array deployed on the RIS from November 2014 to November 2016. Here we show that tsunami and IG-generated signals within the RIS propagate at gravity wave speeds (∼70 m/s) as water-ice coupled flexural-gravity waves. IG band signals show measureable attenuation away from the shelf front. The response of the RIS to Chilean tsunami arrivals is compared with modeled tsunami forcing to assess ice shelf flexural-gravity wave excitation by very long period (VLP; >300 s) gravity waves. Displacements across the RIS are affected by gravity wave incident direction, bathymetry under and north of the shelf, and water layer and ice shelf thicknesses. Horizontal displacements are typically about 10 times larger than vertical displacements, producing dynamical extensional motions that may facilitate expansion of existing fractures. VLP excitation is continuously observed throughout the year, with horizontal displacements highest during the austral winter with amplitudes exceeding 20 cm. Because VLP flexural-gravity waves exhibit no discernable attenuation, this energy must propagate to the grounding zone. Both IG and VLP band flexural-gravity waves excite mechanical perturbations of the RIS that likely promote tabular iceberg calving, consequently affecting ice shelf evolution. Understanding these ocean-excited mechanical interactions is important to determine their effect on ice shelf stability to reduce uncertainty in the magnitude and rate of global sea level rise.

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/2017JC012913

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Asteroid hitting the Earth and causing a devastating Tsunami

Jan 3, 2005

https://www.physicsforums.com/threads/asteroid-hitting-the-earth-and-causing-a-devastating-tsunami.58505/

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Hidden Life Found Far Beneath World’s Largest Ice Shelf

June 13, 2022

Hundreds of shrimp-like creatures were found living 1640 feet beneath Antarctica’s Ross Ice Shelf

https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/hidden-life-found-far-beneath-worlds-largest-ice-Shelf-180980245/

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Unknown ecosystem found beneath Antarctica's ice

June 13th 2022

https://en.mercopress.com/2022/06/13/unknown-ecosystem-found-beneath-antarctica-s-ice

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Russia's tsunami bomb: Nuclear missile designed to hit the ocean floor

Apr 08, 2021

https://www.wionews.com/world/russias-tsunami-bomb-nuclear-missile-designed-to-hit-the-ocean-floor-376170

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If Thwaites Glacier collapses, it would change global coastlines forever

July 1, 2019

https://interactive.pri.org/2019/05/antarctica/thwaites-glacier-collapse.html

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Tsunami caused Manhattan-sized iceberg in Antarctica

August 9, 2011

https://www.dawn.com/news/650660

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Tsunami excitation of the Ross Ice Shelf, Antarctica

30 April 2017

https://core.ac.uk/display/237709741

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Teleseismic earthquake wavefields observed on the ross ice shelf

13 October 2020

https://core.ac.uk/display/396596662?source=1&algorithmId=15&similarToDoc=237709741&similarToDocKey=CORE&recSetID=c2874ce3-07e9-476c-8252-d19535857315&position=3&recommendation_type=same_repo&otherRecs=237709504,237709726,396596662,10127197,354410691

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Response of the Ross Ice Shelf, Antarctica, to ocean gravity-wave forcing

31 October 2012

https://core.ac.uk/display/10127197?source=1&algorithmId=15&similarToDoc=237709741&similarToDocKey=CORE&recSetID=c2874ce3-07e9-476c-8252-d19535857315&position=4&recommendation_type=same_repo&otherRecs=237709504,237709726,396596662,10127197,354410691

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Ross ice shelf icequakes associated with ocean gravity wave activity

31 July 2019

https://core.ac.uk/display/237709504?source=1&algorithmId=15&similarToDoc=237709741&similarToDocKey=CORE&recSetID=c2874ce3-07e9-476c-8252-d19535857315&position=1&recommendation_type=same_repo&otherRecs=237709504,237709726,396596662,10127197,354410691

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Tidally induced seismicity at the grounded margins of the Ross Ice Shelf, Antarctica

31 December 2019

https://core.ac.uk/display/354410691?source=1&algorithmId=15&similarToDoc=237709741&similarToDocKey=CORE&recSetID=c2874ce3-07e9-476c-8252-d19535857315&position=5&recommendation_type=same_repo&otherRecs=237709504,237709726,396596662,10127197,354410691

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Ocean-excited plate waves in the Ross and Pine Island Glacier ice shelves

11 September 2018

https://core.ac.uk/display/237709726?source=1&algorithmId=15&similarToDoc=237709741&similarToDocKey=CORE&recSetID=c2874ce3-07e9-476c-8252-d19535857315&position=2&recommendation_type=same_repo&otherRecs=237709504,237709726,396596662,10127197,354410691


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Tohoku Tsunami Created Icebergs In Antarctica

08.08.11

https://www.nasa.gov/topics/earth/features/tsunami-bergs.html

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99999

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Desert Dust Increases Harmful Marine Bacteria

June 9, 2016

https://magazine.scienceconnected.org/2016/06/desert-dust-harmful-marine-bacteria/

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Microplastics Found in Antarctic Snows for the First Time

June 8, 2022

https://www.cnet.com/science/climate/microplastics-found-in-antarctic-snows-for-the-first-time/

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Antarctic sea-ice bacteria could be contaminating seafood with a dangerous form of mercury

08/04/2016

https://inhabitat.com/antarctic-sea-ice-bacteria-could-be-contaminating-seafood-with-a-dangerous-form-of-mercury/

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Bacteria living on ocean plastic pollution could produce ANTIBIOTICS capable of protecting humans against drug-resistant superbugs, scientists claim

13 June 2022

https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-10911109/Bacteria-living-ocean-plastic-pollution-produce-antibiotics-fight-against-superbugs.html

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Antarctic microbe produces potential cancer-fighting drug

April 18, 2022

Researchers map the genetic machinery behind a natural anti-cancer compound from Antarctica for the first time

https://antarcticsun.usap.gov/science/4719/

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Bacteria with antibiotic resistant genes discovered in Antarctica, scientists say

May 26, 2022

Bacteria in Antarctica have been discovered with genes that give them natural antibiotic and antimicrobial resistance and have the potential to spread out of the polar regions, according to scientists in Chile.

Andres Marcoleta, a researcher from the University of Chile who headed the study in the Science of the Total Environment journal in March, said that these "superpowers" which evolved to resist extreme conditions are contained in mobile DNA fragments that can easily be transferred to other bacteria.

"We know that the soils of the Antarctic Peninsula, one of the polar areas most impacted by melting ice, host a great diversity of bacteria," Marcoleta said. "And that some of them constitute a potential source of ancestral genes that confer resistance to antibiotics."

Scientists from the University of Chile collected several samples from the Antarctic Peninsula from 2017 to 2019.

https://au.investing.com/news/world-news/bacteria-with-antibiotic-resistant-genes-discovered-in-antarctica-scientists-say-2576294

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Potential New Antarctica Bacteria Actually Contamination

March 11, 2013

https://www.livescience.com/27808-antarctica-bacteria-actually-contamination.html

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We caught bacteria from the most pristine air on earth to help solve a climate modeling mystery

June 19, 2020

The Southern Ocean is a vast band of open water that encircles the entire planet between Antarctica and the Southern Hemisphere landmasses. It is the cloudiest place on Earth, and the amount of sunlight that reflects off or passes through those clouds plays a surprisingly important role in global climate. It affects weather patterns, ocean currents, Antarctic sea ice cover, sea surface temperature and even rainfall in the tropics.

But due to how remote the Southern Ocean is, there have been very few actual studies of the clouds there. Because of this lack of data, computer models that simulate present and future climates overpredict how much sunlight reaches the ocean surface compared to what satellites actually observe. The main reason for this inaccuracy is due to how the models simulate clouds, but nobody knew exactly why the clouds were off. For the models to run correctly, researchers needed to understand how the clouds were being formed.

To discover what is actually happening in clouds over the Southern Ocean, a small army of atmospheric scientists, including us, went to find out how and when clouds form in this remote part of the world. What we found was surprising – unlike the Northern Hemisphere oceans, the air we sampled over the Southern Ocean contained almost no particles from land. This means the clouds might be different from those above other oceans, and we can use this knowledge to help improve the climate models...

https://theconversation.com/we-caught-bacteria-from-the-most-pristine-air-on-earth-to-help-solve-a-climate-modeling-mystery-140041

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Bacteria-algae relationships in Antarctic sea ice

03 June 2004

https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antarctic-science/article/abs/bacteriaalgae-relationships-in-antarctic-sea-ice/B25903B9586880417A2E449433AF50B4

___________________________



Ancient Microbes Found in Antarctic Lake

2012

https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2012/30nov_lakevida

___________________________




Chilling Threat As Spanish Antarctic Research Uncovers Globe Destroying Super Bacteria

May 26, 2022

Strains of “superpower” bacteria that could cause the world’s next deadly pandemic has been discovered by scientists in Antarctica.

Spanish researchers found that the bacteria have a built-in resistance to antibiotics that could make current treatments useless.

The researchers made the shocking discovery during research into how climate change could affect the spread of bacteria that had been frozen in ice for thousands of years.

And they warned that climate change means they will have the potential to spread beyond polar regions, with potentially catastrophic consequences...

https://spainnews.madridmetropolitan.com/2022/05/26/chilling-threat-as-spanish-antarctic-research-uncovers-globe-destroying-super-bacteria/

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In Antarctic lake, extreme conditions lead to extreme genetics

10/1/2013

In a frigid, salty lake, microbes swap genes at an unprecedented rate.

https://arstechnica.com/science/2013/10/in-antarctic-lake-extreme-conditions-lead-to-extreme-genetics/

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Cyanobacteria in microbial mats of Antarctic lakes (East Antarctica) A microscopical approach

Apr 1, 2008

https://www.schweizerbart.de/papers/algol_stud/detail/126/52774/Cyanobacteria_in_microbial_mats_of_Antarctic_lakes?af=crossref

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The phylogeny of bacteria from a modern Antarctic refuge

13 May 2004

https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antarctic-science/article/abs/phylogeny-of-bacteria-from-a-modern-antarctic-refuge/CABE9DDD84470AAC82E3CA07806BBA3F

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Bacteria Survive Below Antarctica's 'Blood Falls'

April 17, 2009

https://www.npr.org/2009/04/17/103210921/bacteria-survive-below-antarcticas-blood-falls

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Bacterial community segmentation facilitates the prediction of ecosystem function along the coast of the western Antarctic Peninsula

2017 Jan 20

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5437343/

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Genomic and Metabolomic Analysis of Antarctic Bacteria Revealed Culture and Elicitation Conditions for the Production of Antimicrobial Compounds

2020

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32349314/

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Sublithic bacteria associated with Antarctic quartz stones

2000

https://www.academia.edu/13822469/Sublithic_bacteria_associated_with_Antarctic_quartz_stones

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Bacteria thrive on methane deep beneath the Antarctic Ice Sheet

2017

For the first time, scientists have direct observations of methane-eating bacteria in a subglacial lake in Antarctica. The study also provides evidence of increased methane production below the ice sheet.

https://sciencenordic.com/animals-and-plants-climate-denmark/bacteria-thrive-on-methane-deep-beneath-the-antarctic-ice-sheet/1448111

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Do humans spread zoonotic enteric bacteria in Antarctica?

2018 Oct 23

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30445320/

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Proteorhodopsin-Bearing Bacteria in Antarctic Sea Ice

2010

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2935036/

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Exotic-looking microbes turn up in ancient Antartic ice

1998

https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/1998/ast12mar98_1/

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Sulfate-Reducing Bacteria and Pyritic Sediments in Antarctica

1961

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.134.3473.190

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Bacteria Frozen in the Antarctic For 10,000 Years Grow in a Lab

1974

https://www.nytimes.com/1974/04/30/archives/bacteria-frozen-in-the-antarctic-for-10000-years-grow-in-a-lab.html

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Colder Than Ice: Researchers Discover How Microbes Survive in Subfreezing Conditions

October 10, 2013

https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/guest-blog/colder-than-ice-researchers-discover-how-microbes-survive-in-subfreezing-conditions/

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Discovery of metal-breathing bacteria can change electronics

July 29, 2020

https://bigthink.com/hard-science/discovery-of-metal-breathing-bacteria-can-change-electronics/

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‘Superpower’ bacteria discovered in Antarctica

5/26/2022

https://theworldnews.net/au-news/superpower-bacteria-discovered-in-antarctica

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Genes make Antarctica bacteria immune to antibiotics

May 26th 2022

https://en.mercopress.com/2022/05/26/genes-make-antarctica-bacteria-immune-to-antibiotics

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Bacteria with antibiotic resistant genes discovered in Antarctica, scientists say

May 25, 2022

https://news.yahoo.com/bacteria-antibiotic-resistant-genes-discovered-185046892.html

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Antarctic bacteria live on air and use hydrogen as fuel

16 November 2021

Scientists have found that hundreds of bacterial species in the frozen soils in East Antarctica use hydrogen to make water.

https://cosmosmagazine.com/science/biology/antarctic-bacteria-live-on-air-and-use-hydrogen-as-fuel/

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Warsaw scientist finds natural ‘coral-saving’ UV filter in Antarctic bacteria

December 20, 2021

https://www.thefirstnews.com/article/warsaw-scientist-finds-natural-coral-saving-uv-filter-in-antarctic-bacteria-26856

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Potential for resistance to freezing by non-virulent bacteria isolated from Antarctica

2022

https://www.scielo.br/j/aabc/a/zJ3bdnV5gqPwHZhT6x45stq/

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Hyperresistant bacteria discovered in Antarctica could pose risk to global health, researcher tells Norway Today

1. June 2022

https://norwaytoday.info/news/hyperresistant-bacteria-discovered-in-antarctica-could-pose-risk-to-global-health-researcher-tells-norway-today/

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Bacteria from cold environs could help clean clothes

Feb. 7, 2018

"The cold regions of our planet are actually becoming more reachable for exploration and for scientific research," researcher Amedea Perfumo said.

https://www.upi.com/Science_News/2018/02/07/Bacteria-from-cold-environs-could-help-clean-clothes/2361518025448/

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Ancient Antarctic Bacteria Brought Back to Life

August 10, 2007

https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=12680700

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Antarctic penguins in danger from human diseases, researchers say

December 17, 2018

https://www.cnn.com/2018/12/17/health/antarctic-penguins-bacteria-scli-intl/index.html

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First record of the endophytic bacteria of Deschampsia antarctica Ė. Desv. from two distant localities of the maritime Antarctic

2021

https://journals.muni.cz/CPR/article/view/15422

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Antimicrobial activity and resistance to heavy metals and antibiotics of heterotrophic bacteria isolated from sediment and soil samples collected from two Antarctic islands

22 May 201

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/21553769.2015.1044130

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Differential effects of soil trophic networks on microbial decomposition activity in mountain ecosystems

2022

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0038071722002280

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Soil erosion and organic carbon export by wet snow avalanches

14 Apr 2014

https://tc.copernicus.org/articles/8/651/2014/

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Long-lasting modification of soil fungal diversity associated with the introduction of rabbits to a remote sub-Antarctic archipelago

01 September 2015

https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsbl.2015.0408

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Mapping soil pH in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica

10 August 2018

https://www.landcareresearch.co.nz/publications/soil-horizons/soil-horizons-articles/mapping-soil-ph-in-antarctica/

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Ornithogenic Factor of Soil Formation in Antarctica: A Review

29 April 2021

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1134/S1064229321040025

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Global vulnerability of soil ecosystems to erosion

2020 Mar 10

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7316572/

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Soil Erosion Caused by Snow Avalanches: a Case Study in the Aosta Valley (NW Italy)

2018

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1657/1938-4246-42.4.412

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Studying Erosion and Weathering in One of the Most Extreme Places on Earth

February 5, 2019

https://news.climate.columbia.edu/2019/02/05/erosion-weathering-antarctica/

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Antarctic nematodes and climate change

27 April 2013

https://www.bbc.com/news/magazine-22177221

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Long-lasting modification of soil fungal diversity associated with the introduction of rabbits to a remote sub-Antarctic archipelago

2015

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4614422/

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Biological Soil Crusts as Ecosystem Engineers in Antarctic Ecosystem

22 March 2022

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2022.755014/full

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Aerobic endospore-forming bacteria isolated from Antarctic soils as producers of bioactive compounds of industrial interest

August 2014

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/271656592_Aerobic_endospore-forming_bacteria_isolated_from_Antarctic_soils_as_producers_of_bioactive_compounds_of_industrial_interest

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Depth profiles of volatile iodine and bromine-containing halocarbons in coastal Antarctic waters

31 December 2006

https://core.ac.uk/display/11760448

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Isoprene hotspots at the Western Coast of Antarctic Peninsula

https://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/bitstream/handle/1826/13837/Isoprene_hotspots_at_the_Western_Coast_of_Antarctic-2018%20(1).pdf;sequence=4

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Analysis of Siple Dome Ice Core: Carbonyl Sulfide (COS), Methyl Chloride (CH3Cl), and Methyl Bromide (CH3Br), Version 1 (NSIDC-0279)


https://nsidc.org/data/NSIDC-0279/versions/1

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Levels and pattern of volatile organic nitrates and halocarbons in the air at Neumayer Station (70 degrees S), Antarctic.

01 Sep 2002

https://europepmc.org/article/MED/12222794

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Antarctic Ice Cores: Methyl Chloride and Methyl Bromide, Version 1 (NSIDC-0313)

https://nsidc.org/data/NSIDC-0313/versions/1

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Nitrous oxide flux and response to increased iron availability in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current

2001

https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Nitrous-oxide-flux-and-response-to-increased-iron-Law-Ling/472e3eda0f26b759a48b02117fd8afab34bc6c13

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Antarctica's Bizarre Green Icebergs Are More Than a Quirk of the Southern Ocean

March 09, 2019

https://www.livescience.com/64960-why-antarctica-icebergs-are-green.html

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Does iron oxide turn blue icebergs green?

March 7th, 2019

https://www.futurity.org/green-icebergs-antarctica-iron-oxides-2001562-2/

Scientists have come up with a new idea to explain a decades-long mystery: why some Antarctic icebergs are emerald green rather than the normal blue.

Pure ice is blue because ice absorbs more red light than blue light. Most icebergs appear white or blue when floating in seawater, but since the early 1900s, explorers and sailors have reported seeing peculiar green icebergs around certain parts of Antarctica.

These green icebergs have puzzled scientists for decades, but now glaciologists suspect iron oxides in rock dust from Antarctica’s mainland may explain the green in some icebergs. They formulated the new theory after Australian researchers discovered large amounts of iron in East Antarctica’s Amery Ice Shelf.

Food source

Iron is a key nutrient for phytoplankton, microscopic plants that form the base of the marine food web. But iron is scarce in many areas of the ocean.

If experiments prove the new theory right, it would mean green icebergs ferry precious iron from Antarctica’s mainland to the open sea when they break off, providing this key nutrient to the organisms that support nearly all marine life.

“It’s like taking a package to the post office. The iceberg can deliver this iron out into the ocean far away, and then melt and deliver it to the phytoplankton that can use it as a nutrient,” says lead author Stephen Warren, a glaciologist and professor emeritus in the University of Washington’s atmospheric sciences department. “We always thought green icebergs were just an exotic curiosity, but now we think they may actually be important.”

Glacial flour

The problem nagged at Warren until a few years ago, when an oceanographer at the University of Tasmania tested an ice core from the Amery Ice Shelf for its iron content and found marine ice near the bottom of the core had nearly 500 times more iron than the glacial ice above.

Iron oxides found in soil, rocks, and common rust tend to have warm, earthy hues—yellows, oranges, reds, and browns. So Warren began to suspect iron oxides in the marine ice could turn blue ice green. But where was the iron coming from?

As glaciers flow over bedrock, they grind rocks to a fine powder known as glacial flour. When the ice meets the sea, this glacial flour flows into the ocean. If the rock dust becomes trapped under an ice shelf, the particles could incorporate in marine ice as it forms.

Warren now suspects iron oxides in glacial flour from rocks on Antarctica’s mainland are responsible for creating the stunning emerald icebergs. He and the Australian iron researchers now propose to sample icebergs of different colors for their iron content and light-reflecting properties.

If their theory proves correct, green icebergs could have more importance than scientists thought.

The paper appears in the Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans. Additional coauthors are from the University of Washington, Bowdoin College, and the Australian Antarctic Division. Australian Antarctic Division and the US National Science Foundation supported the work.


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Falls eerie red outflow in Antarctica caused by iron-oxide stained saltwater

Welcome to our website for all ___ Falls eerie red outflow in Antarctica caused by iron-oxide stained saltwater. Since you are already here then chances are that you are looking for the Daily Themed Crossword Solutions. Look no further because you will find whatever you are looking for in here. Our staff has managed to solve all the game packs and we are daily updating the site with each days answers and solutions. If we haven’t posted today’s date yet make sure to bookmark our page and come back later because we are in different timezone and that is the reason why but don’t worry we never skip a day because we are very addicted with Daily Themed Crossword.

https://dailythemedcrosswordanswers.com/___-falls-eerie-red-outflow-in-antarctica-caused-by-iron-oxide-stained-saltwater/

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Iron and nitrosative metabolism in the Antarctic mollusc Laternula elliptica

2010 Nov 20

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21094695/

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Magnetic screening and heavy metal pollution studies in soils from Marambio Station, Antarctica

29 June 2007

https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antarctic-science/article/abs/magnetic-screening-and-heavy-metal-pollution-studies-in-soils-from-marambio-station-antarctica/211B548446865E7A5BF658055A0E1345

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Influence of heavy metals on the occurrence of Antarctic soil microalgae

13 September 2021

https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antarctic-science/article/abs/influence-of-heavy-metals-on-the-occurrence-of-antarctic-soil-microalgae/5F2D570D4F85A5402A34A37FB0482A08

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Natural variability and distribution of trace elements in marine organisms from Antarctic coastal environments

16 November 2007

https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antarctic-science/article/abs/natural-variability-and-distribution-of-trace-elements-in-marine-organisms-from-antarctic-coastal-environments/C735298D5C1C19EB65F39C7EDFD2D234

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Analysis of acid-leachable barium, copper, iron, lead, & zinc concentrations in Taylor Valley, Antarctic stream sediments

05/2020

https://mcm.lternet.edu/content/analysis-acid-leachable-barium-copper-iron-lead-zinc-concentrations-taylor-valley-antarctic

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Preliminary study of cellular metal accumulation in two Antarctic marine microalgae – implications for mixture interactivity and dietary risk

2019

https://scholars.uow.edu.au/display/publication136877

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A robust bioassay to assess the toxicity of metals to the Antarctic marine microalga Phaeocystis antarctica

20 February 2015

https://setac.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/etc.2949

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Response of bacterial isolates from Antarctic shallow sediments towards heavy metals, antibiotics and polychlorinated biphenyls

2012 Nov 27

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23184332/

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Metals and metalloids in Antarctic krill and water in deep Weddell Sea areas

2022

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0025326X2200306X

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Extraordinary levels of cadmium and zinc in a marine sponge,Tedania charcoti Topsent: inorganic chemical defense agents

March 1993

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF01923536

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A 1500-year record of lead, copper, arsenic, cadmium, zinc level in Antarctic seal hairs and sediments

2006 Aug 22

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16928392/

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The occurrence of zinc in Antarctic ancient ice and recent snow

1990

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0012821X9090157S

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Changes in the natural lead, cadmium, zinc and copper concentrations in the Vostok Antarctic ice over, the last two glacial-interglacial cycles (240,000 years)

May 2003

https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2003JPhy4.107..629H/abstract

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Assessing the risk of metals and their mixtures in the Antarctic nearshore marine environment with diffusive gradients in thin-films

https://opus.lib.uts.edu.au/bitstream/10453/137197/4/Binder1.pdf

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Legacy Arsenic Pollution of Lakes Near Cobalt, Ontario, Canada: Arsenic in Lake Water and Sediment Remains Elevated Nearly a Century After Mining Activity Has Ceased

28 February 2018

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11270-018-3741-1

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Total and inorganic arsenic in Antarctic macroalgae.

2007

https://europepmc.org/article/MED/17544055

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Arsenic from Chilean mines found in Antarctica

December 8, 2015

https://phys.org/news/2015-12-arsenic-chilean-antarctica.html

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Arsenic record from a 3 m snow pit at Dome Argus, Antarctica

18 March 2016

https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antarctic-science/article/abs/arsenic-record-from-a-3-m-snow-pit-at-dome-argus-antarctica/26909257754EBE408A883AA1DD2116E8

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Anomalously high arsenic concentration in a West Antarctic ice core and its relationship to copper mining in Chile

2016

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1352231015305343

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Penguins dumping arsenic in Antarctica

 21 August 2008

https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn14580-penguins-dumping-arsenic-in-antarctica/

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Investigation of arsenic speciation in algae of the Antarctic region by HPLC-ICP-MS and HPLC-ESI-Ion Trap MS

2006

https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlelanding/2006/ja/b607203h


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Arsenic species in certified reference material MURST-ISS-A2 (Antarctic krill)

2009

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20006111/

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Mono Lake bacteria build their DNA using arsenic (and no, this isn’t about aliens)

December 2, 2010

https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/mono-lake-bacteria-build-their-dna-using-arsenic-and-no-this-isnt-about-aliens

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A 1,800-year record of arsenic concentration in the penguin dropping sediment, Antarctic

03 October 2007

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00254-007-1054-6

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Closely Watched Study Fails to Find Arsenic in Microbial DNA

2 Feb 2012

https://www.science.org/content/article/closely-watched-study-fails-find-arsenic-microbial-dna

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Bacteria Can Grow Using Arsenic

December 13, 2010

https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/bacteria-can-grow-using-arsenic

 

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Antarctic Snow Shows Record Of Airborne Arsenic And Other Pollutants

2012

https://cen.acs.org/articles/90/web/2012/10/Antarctic-Snow-Shows-Record-Airborne.html

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The occurrence of lead in Antarctic recent snow, firn deposited over the last two centuries and prehistoric ice

1983

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0016703783902946

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Lead Pollution in Antarctic Waters: Have We Cleaned Up Our Act?

February 25, 2016

https://oceanbites.org/lead-pollution-in-antarctic/

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International team of scientists reports on Antarctic lead pollution

February 25, 2022

https://www.antarcticajournal.com/international-team-of-scientists-reports-on-antarctic-lead-pollution/

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Antarctic lead records chapters in human history

2019

https://www.antarctica.gov.au/magazine/issue-37-december-2019/science/antarctic-lead-records-chapters-in-human-history/

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Australian lead mining caused early Antarctic pollution

July 29, 2014

https://www.smh.com.au/environment/australian-lead-mining-caused-early-antarctic-pollution-20140729-zxy82.html

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Antarctic-wide array of high-resolution ice core records reveals pervasive lead pollution began in 1889 and persists today

2014

https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20150001454

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Antarctic-wide array of high-resolution ice core records reveals pervasive lead pollution began in 1889 and persists today

2014

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25068819/

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Lead pollution recorded in Greenland ice indicates European emissions tracked plagues, wars, and imperial expansion during antiquity

2018

Significance

An 1100 BCE to 800 CE record of estimated lead emissions based on continuous, subannually resolved, and precisely dated measurements of lead pollution in deep Greenland ice and atmospheric modeling shows that European emissions closely varied with historical events, including imperial expansion, wars, and major plagues. Emissions rose coeval with Phoenician expansion and accelerated during expanded Carthaginian and Roman lead–silver mining primarily in the Iberian Peninsula. Emissions fluctuated synchronously with wars and political instability, particularly during the Roman Republic, reaching a sustained maximum during the Roman Empire before plunging in the second century coincident with the Antonine plague, and remaining low for >500 years. Bullion in silver coinage declined in parallel, reflecting the importance of lead–silver mining in ancient economies.

https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.1721818115

___________________________



Heavy metal pollution in Antarctica and its potential impacts on algae

2018

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1873965218300926

___________________________



Lead pollution in Antarctic surface snow revealed along the route of the International Trans-Antarctic Expedition

June 1999

https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1999AnGla..29...94D/abstract

___________________________


The application of lead isotope ratios in the Antarctic macroalga Iridaea cordata as a contaminant monitoring tool

2009

https://www.academia.edu/11448593/The_application_of_lead_isotope_ratios_in_the_Antarctic_macroalga_Iridaea_cordata_as_a_contaminant_monitoring_tool

___________________________



Antarctic snow record of southern hemisphere lead pollution

1 May 1994

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/94GL00656

___________________________


Lead Pollution Beat Explorers to South Pole, Persists Today

July 28, 2014

https://www.nasa.gov/content/goddard/lead-pollution-beat-explorers-to-south-pole-persists-today/

___________________________








___________________________



Soluble and insoluble lithium dust in the EPICA DomeC ice core—Implications for changes of the East Antarctic dust provenance during the recent glacial–interglacial transition

June 2007

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222149167_Soluble_and_insoluble_lithium_dust_in_the_EPICA_DomeC_ice_core-Implications_for_changes_of_the_East_Antarctic_dust_provenance_during_the_recent_glacial-interglacial_transition

___________________________





___________________________







___________________________



Biomineralization of lithium nanoparticles by Li-resistant Pseudomonas rodhesiae isolated from the Atacama salt flat

16 March 2022

https://biolres.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40659-022-00382-6


___________________________



Evaluation of aerosol iron solubility over Australian coastal regions based on inverse modeling: implications of bushfires on bioaccessible iron concentrations in the Southern Hemisphere

26 August 2020

https://progearthplanetsci.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s40645-020-00357-9

___________________________



Halocarbons in the Arctic and Antarctic Atmosphere

1993

https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-78211-4_9

___________________________





___________________________



Atmospheric histories of halocarbons from analysis of Antarctic firn air: Major Montreal Protocol species

2002

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2002JD002548

___________________________



On Biogenic Halocarbons in Antarctic Waters

2013

https://gupea.ub.gu.se/bitstream/handle/2077/34086/gupea_2077_34086_1.pdf?sequence=1

___________________________




Halocarbon

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halocarbon

___________________________





A record of atmospheric halocarbons during the twentieth century from polar firn air

24 June 1999

https://www.nature.com/articles/21586

___________________________





Past and Future for Ozone-Depleting Halocarbons in Antarctic Environment

2003

https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-010-0183-0_12

___________________________



Levels and pattern of volatile organic nitrates and halocarbons in the air at Neumayer Station (70 degrees S), Antarctic

2002

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12222794/

___________________________




Emergence of healing in the Antarctic ozone layer

30 Jun 2016

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aae0061

___________________________


On Biogenic Halocarbons in Antarctic Waters

2013-11-08

https://gupea.ub.gu.se/handle/2077/34086

___________________________



Halocarbons Liked to Ozone Hole: The claimed detection of chlorine monoxide in the Antarctic ozone hole links man-made chlorofluorocarbons to the hole's creation and implies that things could get worse

5 Jun 1987

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.236.4806.1182

___________________________



Halocarbons in Aqueous matrices from the Rennick Glacier and the Ross Sea (Antarctica)

May 2004

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233358496_Halocarbons_in_Aqueous_matrices_from_the_Rennick_Glacier_and_the_Ross_Sea_Antarctica

___________________________




Past and Future for Ozone-Depleting Halocarbons in Antarctic Environment

January 2003

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/300824001_Past_and_Future_for_Ozone-Depleting_Halocarbons_in_Antarctic_Environment

___________________________



Ozone hole over the Antarctic is one of the largest and deepest in recent years, satellite images reveal

6 October 2020

https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-8807551/Ozone-hole-Antarctic-one-largest-deepest-recent-years.html

___________________________





Occurrence, distribution, and sea-air fluxes of volatile halocarbons in the upper ocean off the northern Antarctic Peninsula in summer

2020 Dec 4

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33338791/

___________________________






'Larger than usual’: this year’s ozone layer hole bigger than Antarctica

15 Sep 2021

Scientists say ozone hole is unusually large for this stage in season and growing quickly

https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/sep/16/larger-than-usual-ozone-layer-hole-bigger-than-antarctica

___________________________



The relationship between biophysical variables and halocarbon distributions in the waters of the Amundsen and Ross Seas, Antarctica

2012

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0304420312000862

___________________________






Halocarbons produced by natural oxidation processes during degradation of organic matter.

01 Jan 2000

https://europepmc.org/article/MED/10659846

___________________________





2020 Antarctic ozone hole is large and deep

2020

https://public.wmo.int/en/media/news/2020-antarctic-ozone-hole-large-and-deep

___________________________






Halocarbon

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/halocarbon

___________________________




Halocarbons, environmental effects of chlorofluoromethane release / Committee on Impacts of Stratospheric Change, Assembly of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, National Research Council

1976

https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/2231894

___________________________




The Road to Recovery: Is the Ozone Layer Finally Healing?

07/15/2016

https://www.scienceintheclassroom.org/research-papers/emergence-healing-antarctic-ozone-layer

___________________________







Effect of irradiance on the emission of short-lived halocarbons from three common tropical marine microalgae

2019

https://peerj.com/articles/6758.pdf

___________________________


Long-lived halocarbon trends and budgets from atmospheric chemistry modelling constrained with measurements in polar firn

2009

https://research-portal.uea.ac.uk/en/publications/long-lived-halocarbon-trends-and-budgets-from-atmospheric-chemist

___________________________



Title: Emergence of Healing in the Antarctic Ozone Layer

June 23, 2016

https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/101876/1/SolomonEtAlHealing.pdf

___________________________



Scientists race to find who is pumping an incredibly dangerous gas into the atmosphere

May—28—2018

https://theoutline.com/post/4708/montreal-protocol-vienna-convention-noaa-nasa-ozone-layer-hole-cfc

___________________________




Climate science: Emissions from CFC banks could delay ozone recovery

March 18, 2020

https://www.natureasia.com/en/research/highlight/13255

___________________________


Ozone-destroying CFCs could make late-21st-century comeback

March 15, 2021

https://www.livescience.com/cfcs-release-from-oceans-ozone-destruction.html

___________________________




The discovery of the Antarctic ozone hole

October 24, 2019

https://eapsweb.mit.edu/news/2019/discovery-antarctic-ozone-hole

___________________________


Global warming caused by chlorofluorocarbons, not carbon dioxide, new study says

May 30, 2013

https://phys.org/news/2013-05-global-chlorofluorocarbons-carbon-dioxide.html

___________________________



CFCs, their replacements, and the ozone layer

25 Mar 2010

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10150493/

___________________________





Banned ozone-depleting CFC-11 gases traced to China

23 May 2019

Scientists say industries in China have spewed large quantities of an ozone-depleting gas into the atmosphere in violation of an international treaty.

https://www.sbs.com.au/news/article/banned-ozone-depleting-cfc-11-gases-traced-to-china/4644kbl2w

___________________________


China factories releasing thousands of tonnes of illegal CFC gases, study finds

2019

Levels of ozone-depleting gas spiked when air from industrialised areas of China arrived, say researchers

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/may/23/china-factories-releasing-thousands-of-tonnes-of-illegal-cfc-gases-study-finds


-


Free Radicals Within the Antarctic Vortex: The Role of CFCs in Antarctic Ozone Loss

1991

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17778601/

___________________________





___________________________



Emissions of an ozone-destroying chemical are rising again

May 16, 2018

https://www.noaa.gov/news/emissions-of-ozone-destroying-chemical-are-rising-again

___________________________




Landmark ban on CFCs in 1980s prevented deadly ‘scorched Earth’ scenario, research reveals

18 August 2021

Scientists paint apocalyptic vision of soaring temperatures and catastrophic impacts on agriculture without signing of crucial Montreal Protocol

https://www.independent.co.uk/climate-change/news/cfcs-ozone-layer-montreal-protocol-b1904714.html

___________________________




___________________________




Household aerosols including deodorants and cleaning sprays release more harmful smog chemicals per year than all the VEHICLES in the UK, scientists warn

2021

https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-9520555/Household-aerosols-release-harmful-smog-chemicals-UK-cars.html

___________________________




Polar stratospheric clouds and ozone depletion

June 1991

https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1991SciAm.264f..68T/abstract

___________________________




Recent Developments in the Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer: The June 1990 Meeting and Beyond

1992

https://www.jstor.org/stable/40706945

___________________________


That Antarctic ozone hole the world thought it was fixing? There may be a glitch

2018

https://peakoil.com/enviroment/that-antarctic-ozone-hole-the-world-thought-it-was-fixing-there-may-be-a-glitch

___________________________



Air Samples Show Ozone Depletion May Have Other Causes Than Fluorocarbons

November 9, 1995

https://apnews.com/article/aa09fc127d4630a0af10533c02df53de

___________________________



Good news: 2012 Antarctic Ozone Hole is the second smallest in 20 years

2012

https://wattsupwiththat.com/2012/10/24/good-news-2012-antarctic-ozone-hole-is-the-second-smallest-in-20-years/

___________________________





Chlorofluorocarbons

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/engineering/chlorofluorocarbons

___________________________


Chlorofluorocarbons, Stratospheric Ozone, and the Antarctic ‘Ozone Hole’

24 August 2009

https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/environmental-conservation/article/abs/chlorofluorocarbons-stratospheric-ozone-and-the-antarctic-ozone-hole/5C9507C0163E4BB22BCC4CB438849BD8

___________________________




Fluorocarbons in the global environment: a review of the important interactions with atmospheric chemistry and physics

2003

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0022113903001052

___________________________




Occurrence and trophic transfer of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in an Antarctic ecosystem

2019 Oct 19

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31727419/

___________________________



Spatial and Interspecies Heterogeneity in Concentrations of Perfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) in Seabirds of the Southern Ocean

2019 Aug 6

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31385515/

___________________________



Fluorocarbons and Ozone: New Predictions Ominous

October 5, 1974

https://www.sciencenews.org/archive/fluorocarbons-and-ozone-new-predictions-ominous

___________________________


CONTRASTING THIS SEASONS ARCTIC AND ANTARCTIC OZONE LEVELS

01 May 2020

https://www.fluorocarbons.org/news/contrasting-this-seasons-arctic-and-antarctic-ozone-levels/

___________________________






___________________________



Neutral Poly/Per-Fluoroalkyl Substances in Air from the Atlantic to the Southern Ocean and in Antarctic Snow

2015 Jun 15

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26052844/

___________________________




Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances in snow, lake, surface runoff water and coastal seawater in Fildes Peninsula, King George Island, Antarctica

2012 Jan 16

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22305203/

___________________________

 

000000

-




Holocene variability in sea ice cover, primary production, and Pacific-Water inflow and climate change in the Chukchi and East Siberian Seas (Arctic Ocean)

https://epic.awi.de/id/eprint/44567/

___________________________



Pelagic Methane Oxidation in the Northern Chukchi Sea

https://aslopubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/am-pdf/10.1002/lno.11254

___________________________


Mechanisms of Persistent High Primary Production During the Growing Season in the Chukchi Sea

18 September 2020

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10021-020-00559-8

___________________________





Interior Department Releases Updated Assessment for Chukchi Sea Lease Sale

2/12/2015

Key Step in Resolving 2008 Oil and Gas Leasing Offshore Alaska

https://www.doi.gov/news/pressreleases/interior-department-releases-updated-assessment-for-chukchi-sea-lease-sale

___________________________



Debris from Melting Shelves Changing the Biology and Chemistry of the Arctic Ocean

February 12, 2018

https://www.fondriest.com/news/debris-melting-shelves-changing-biology-chemistry-arctic-ocean.htm

___________________________



Detrital neodymium and (radio)carbon as complementary sedimentary bedfellows? The Western Arctic Ocean as a testbed

2021

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/354207151_Detrital_neodymium_and_radiocarbon_as_complementary_sedimentary_bedfellows_The_Western_Arctic_Ocean_as_a_testbed

___________________________





The distribution of neodymium isotopes in Arctic Ocean basins (2009)

https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.553.1694

___________________________




Seawater-Particle Interactions of Rare Earth Elements and Neodymium Isotopes in the Deep Central Arctic Ocean

15 July 2021

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2021JC017423

___________________________





Low sea ice in the Chukchi Sea off Alaska

May 23, 2017

https://www.climate.gov/news-features/featured-images/low-sea-ice-chukchi-sea-alaska

___________________________



North American origin of “pink–white” layers at the Mendeleev Ridge (Arctic Ocean): New insights from lead and neodymium isotope composition of detrital sediment component

2017

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0025322717300233

___________________________


Arctic closure as a trigger for Atlantic overturning at the Eocene-Oligocene Transition

2019

Abstract

The Eocene-Oligocene Transition (EOT), approximately 34 Ma ago, marks a period of major global cooling and inception of the Antarctic ice sheet. Proxies of deep circulation suggest a contemporaneous onset or strengthening of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC). Proxy evidence of gradual salinification of the North Atlantic and tectonically driven isolation of the Arctic suggest that closing the Arctic-Atlantic gateway could have triggered the AMOC at the EOT. We demonstrate this trigger of the AMOC using a new paleoclimate model with late Eocene boundary conditions. The control simulation reproduces Eocene observations of low Arctic salinities. Subsequent closure of the Arctic-Atlantic gateway triggers the AMOC by blocking freshwater inflow from the Arctic. Salt advection feedbacks then lead to cessation of overturning in the North Pacific. These circulation changes imply major warming of the North Atlantic Ocean, and simultaneous cooling of the North Pacific, but no interhemispheric change in temperatures.

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-11828-z

___________________________


Arctic warming interrupts the Transpolar Drift and affects long-range transport of sea ice and ice-rafted matter

02 April 2019

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-41456-y/

___________________________


Tracking Radium in the Arctic

April 23, 2019

https://eapsweb.mit.edu/news/2019/tracking-radium-arctic

___________________________

Residual β activity of particulate ²³⁴Th as a novel proxy for tracking sediment resuspension in the ocean

02 June 2016

https://www.nature.com/articles/srep27069

___________________________


THE ARCTIC RADIUM ISOTOPE OBSERVING NETWORK (ARION)

2022

TRACKING CLIMATE-DRIVEN CHANGES IN ARCTIC OCEAN CHEMISTRY

https://www.tos.org/oceanography/assets/docs/35-kipp.pdf

___________________________



Increased fluxes of shelf-derived materials to the central Arctic Ocean

3 Jan 2018

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.aao1302

___________________________


The Late Mesozoic-Cenozoic Arctic Ocean Climate and Sea Ice History: A Challenge for Past and Future Scientific Ocean Drilling

06 November 2019

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2018PA003433

___________________________


Arctic sea ice melt onset favored by an atmospheric pressure pattern reminiscent of the North American-Eurasian Arctic pattern

29 April 2021

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00382-021-05776-y

___________________________




The distribution of neodymium isotopes in Arctic Ocean basins

2009

http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A1050190&dswid=3065

___________________________



Properties of surface water masses in the Laptev and the East Siberian seas in summer 2018 from in situ and satellite data

04 Feb 2021

https://os.copernicus.org/articles/17/221/2021/

___________________________



The influence of winter cloud on summer sea ice in the Arctic, 1983–2013

18 February 2016

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/2015JD024316

___________________________


Radium levels suggest Arctic Ocean chemistry is changing

April 10, 2018

https://www.earthmagazine.org/article/radium-levels-suggest-arctic-ocean-chemistry-changing

___________________________



A spike in central Arctic Ocean radium levels startled scientists — and led to discoveries about how the ocean is rapidly changing

May 15, 2018

https://www.arctictoday.com/spike-central-arctic-ocean-radium-levels-startled-scientists-led-discoveries-ocean-rapidly-changing/

___________________________



Arctic Ocean sea ice cover during the penultimate glacial and the last interglacial

2017 Aug 29

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5575311/

___________________________




Interannual Variability of Primary Production in the East Siberian Sea

02 March 2021

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1134/S0001437020050033

___________________________



The Role of Atmospheric Blocking in Regulating Arctic Warming

06 June 2022

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2022GL097899

___________________________




Radiogenic lead and neodymium composition of surface sediments from the Arctic Ocean. PANGAEA

https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.859107

___________________________


North American origin of “pink–white” layers at the Mendeleev Ridge (Arctic Ocean): New insights from lead and neodymium isotope composition of detrital sediment component

2017

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0025322717300233


-


Radium Isotopes Across the Arctic Ocean Show Time Scales of Water Mass Ventilation and Increasing Shelf Inputs

1 July 2018

https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Radium-Isotopes-Across-the-Arctic-Ocean-Show-Time-Loeff-Kipp/98003261eec17d21902b1b1a241d11a3586e20a7

___________________________




Increased fluxes of shelf-derived materials to the central Arctic Ocean

3 Jan 2018

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.aao1302

___________________________



Scientists Find Surprising Evidence of Rapid Changes in the Arctic

January 5, 2018

https://climate.mit.edu/posts/scientists-find-surprising-evidence-rapid-changes-arctic

___________________________






In the Arctic Ocean, plankton grows where coastal sediment flows

January 5, 2018

https://www.arctictoday.com/in-the-arctic-ocean-plankton-grows-where-coastal-sediment-flows/

___________________________



Carbon mineralization in Laptev and East Siberian sea shelf and slope sediment

25 Jan 2018

https://bg.copernicus.org/articles/15/471/2018/

___________________________



Distribution and Transport of Water Masses in the East Siberian Sea and Their Impacts on the Arctic Halocline

2021

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2020JC016523

___________________________



Debris from Melting Shelves Changing the Biology and Chemistry of the Arctic Ocean

February 12, 2018

https://www.fondriest.com/news/debris-melting-shelves-changing-biology-chemistry-arctic-ocean.htm

___________________________



Scientists Find Surprising Evidence of Rapid Changes in the Arctic*

January 3, 2018

https://www.whoi.edu/press-room/news-release/study-finds-surprising-evidence--of-rapid-changes-in-the-arctic/

___________________________


Anthropogenic traces in bottom sediments of Chukchi Sea

2019

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1040618218313041

___________________________

Ice export from the Laptev and East Siberian Sea derived from δ¹⁸O values

13 August 2015

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2015JC010866

___________________________


Interpreting upward methane flux from marine pore water profiles

January 2009

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/285035151_Interpreting_upward_methane_flux_from_marine_pore_water_profiles

___________________________



Nitrogen dynamic in Eurasian coastal Arctic ecosystem: Insight from nitrogen isotope

24 April 2017

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/2016GB005593

___________________________




Fate of Terrigenous Nitrogen in East Siberian Arctic Shelf Sediments

September 2019

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/336015936_Fate_of_Terrigenous_Nitrogen_in_East_Siberian_Arctic_Shelf_Sediments

___________________________




___________________________



The Arctic Ocean as a dead end for floating plastics in the North Atlantic branch of the Thermohaline Circulation

19 Apr 2017

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.1600582

___________________________


The rotations opening the Central and Northern Atlantic Ocean: compilation, drift lines, and flow lines

22 January 2013

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00531-012-0860-6

___________________________


The Spatial Distribution of Plankton Picocyanobacteria on the Shelf of the Kara, Laptev, and East Siberian Seas

26 February 2020

https://link.springer.com/article/10.3103/S0096392519040011

-

 

The potential transport of pollutants by Arctic sea ice

1995

Abstract

Drifting sea ice in the Arctic may transport contaminants from coastal areas across the pole and release them during melting far from the source areas. Arctic sea ice often contains sediments entrained on the Siberian shelves and receives atmospheric deposition from Arctic haze. Elevated levels of some heavy metals (e.g. lead, iron, copper and cadmium) and organochlorines (e.g. PCBs and DDTs) have been observed in ice sampled in the Siberian seas, north of Svalbard, and in Baffin Bay. In order to determine the relative importance of sea ice transport in comparison with air/sea and oceanic processes, more data is required on pollutant entrainment and distribution in the Arctic ice pack.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/004896979504174Y

___________________________


Desorption kinetics of heavy metals in the gleyic layer of permafrost-affected soils in Arctic region assessed by geochemical fractionation and DGT/DIFS

2021

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0341816221003970

___________________________


The Arctic wasteland: a perspective on Arctic pollution

27 October 2009

https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/polar-record/article/abs/arctic-wasteland-a-perspective-on-arctic-pollution/64EB0BA39BA6CCAF7A86EAB7842DAB56

___________________________


Authigenic Gypsum Precipitation in the ARAON Mounds, East Siberian Sea

2 August 2022

https://www.mdpi.com/2075-163X/12/8/983

___________________________


Abundance and sinking of particulate black carbon in the western Arctic and Subarctic Oceans

15 July 2016

 

The abundance and sinking of particulate black carbon (PBC) were examined for the first time in the western Arctic and Subarctic Oceans. In the central Arctic Ocean, high PBC concentrations with a mean of 0.021 ± 0.016 μmol L⁻¹ were observed in the marginal ice zone (MIZ). A number of parameters, including temperature, salinity and ²³⁴Th/²³⁸U ratios, indicated that both the rapid release of atmospherically deposited PBC on sea ice and a slow sinking rate were responsible for the comparable PBC concentrations between the MIZ and mid-latitudinal Pacific Ocean (ML). On the Chukchi and Bering Shelves (CBS), PBC concentrations were also comparable to those obtained in the ML. Further, significant deficits of ²³⁴Th revealed the rapid sinking of PBC on the CBS. These results implied additional source terms for PBC in addition to atmospheric deposition and fluvial discharge on the western Arctic shelves. Based on ²³⁴Th/²³⁸U disequilibria, the net sinking rate of PBC out of the surface water was −0.8 ± 2.5 μmol m⁻³ d⁻¹ (mean ± s.d.) in the MIZ. In contrast, on the shelves, the average sinking rate of PBC was 6.1 ± 4.6 μmol m⁻³ d⁻¹. Thus, the western Arctic Shelf was probably an effective location for burying PBC.

https://www.nature.com/articles/srep29959

___________________________


Remobilization of dormant carbon from Siberian-Arctic permafrost during three past warming events

16 Oct 2020

Abstract

Carbon cycle models suggest that past warming events in the Arctic may have caused large-scale permafrost thaw and carbon remobilization, thus affecting atmospheric CO2 levels. However, observational records are sparse, preventing spatially extensive and time-continuous reconstructions of permafrost carbon release during the late Pleistocene and early Holocene. Using carbon isotopes and biomarkers, we demonstrate that the three most recent warming events recorded in Greenland ice cores—(i) Dansgaard-Oeschger event 3 (~28 ka B.P.), (ii) Bølling-Allerød (14.7 to 12.9 ka B.P.), and (iii) early Holocene (~11.7 ka B.P.)—caused massive remobilization and carbon degradation from permafrost across northeast Siberia. This amplified permafrost carbon release by one order of magnitude, particularly during the last deglaciation when global sea-level rise caused rapid flooding of the land area thereafter constituting the vast East Siberian Arctic Shelf. Demonstration of past warming-induced release of permafrost carbon provides a benchmark for the sensitivity of these large carbon pools to changing climate.

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.abb6546

___________________________


On carbon transport and fate in the East Siberian Arctic land–shelf–atmosphere system

4 January 2012

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/7/1/015201

___________________________


Carbon mineralization in Laptev and East Siberian sea shelf and slope sediment

25 Jan 2018

 

Abstract

 

The Siberian Arctic Sea shelf and slope is a key region for the degradation of terrestrial organic material transported from the organic-carbon-rich permafrost regions of Siberia. We report on sediment carbon mineralization rates based on O₂ microelectrode profiling; intact sediment core incubations; ³⁵S-sulfate tracer experiments; pore-water dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC); δ¹³C_DIC; and iron, manganese, and ammonium concentrations from 20 shelf and slope stations. This data set provides a spatial overview of sediment carbon mineralization rates and pathways over large parts of the outer Laptev and East Siberian Arctic shelf and slope and allows us to assess degradation rates and efficiency of carbon burial in these sediments. Rates of oxygen uptake and iron and manganese reduction were comparable to temperate shelf and slope environments, but bacterial sulfate reduction rates were comparatively low. In the topmost 50 cm of sediment, aerobic carbon mineralization dominated degradation and comprised on average 84 % of the depth-integrated carbon mineralization. Oxygen uptake rates and anaerobic carbon mineralization rates were higher in the eastern East Siberian Sea shelf compared to the Laptev Sea shelf. DIC ∕ NH ratios in pore waters and the stable carbon isotope composition of remineralized DIC indicated that the degraded organic matter on the Siberian shelf and slope was a mixture of marine and terrestrial organic matter. Based on dual end-member calculations, the terrestrial organic carbon contribution varied between 32 and 36 %, with a higher contribution in the Laptev Sea than in the East Siberian Sea. Extrapolation of the measured degradation rates using isotope end-member apportionment over the outer shelf of the Laptev and East Siberian seas suggests that about 16 Tg C yr⁻¹ is respired in the outer shelf seafloor sediment. Of the organic matter buried below the oxygen penetration depth, between 0.6 and 1.3 Tg C yr⁻¹ is degraded by anaerobic processes, with a terrestrial organic carbon contribution ranging between 0.3 and 0.5 Tg yr⁻¹.

https://bg.copernicus.org/articles/15/471/2018/

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Arctic sea ice melt onset favored by an atmospheric pressure pattern reminiscent of the North American-Eurasian Arctic pattern

29 April 2021

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00382-021-05776-y

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Deglacial sea level history of the East Siberian Sea and Chukchi Sea margins

October 31, 2017

https://www.usgs.gov/publications/deglacial-sea-level-history-east-siberian-sea-and-chukchi-sea-margins

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The Role of Atmospheric Blocking in Regulating Arctic Warming

06 June 2022

 Abstract

Using ERA5 reanalysis we find positive trends in poleward transport of moisture and heat during 1979–2018 over the winter Barents Sea sector and summer East Siberian Sea sector. The increase in blocking occurrence (blocking days) can explain these trends. Blocking occurrence over the Barents Sea sector significantly increased in the last 40 winters, inducing increasingly stronger poleward transport of moisture and heat. The high linear correlation between poleward energy transports and temperature over the Barents Sea sector suggests that poleward energy transports dominate the regional warming trend there. Meanwhile, in summer, more frequently occurring blocking over the Beaufort Sea sector causes a positive trend of poleward moist and heat transport over the East Siberian Sea sector. The high linear correlation between the blocking occurrence and temperature suggests that the increasing shortwave radiation and subsidence within the more frequently occurring blocking contribute to the regional warming trend.


https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2022GL097899

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Nonconservative behavior of dissolved organic carbon across the Laptev and East Siberian seas****

30 December 2010

Climate change is expected to have a strong effect on the Eastern Siberian Arctic Shelf (ESAS) region, which includes 40% of the Arctic shelves and comprises the Laptev and East Siberian seas. The largest organic carbon pool, the dissolved organic carbon (DOC), may change significantly due to changes in both riverine inputs and transformation rates; however, the present DOC inventories and transformation patterns are poorly understood. Using samples from the International Siberian Shelf Study 2008, this study examines for the first time DOC removal in Arctic shelf waters with residence times that range from months to years. Removals of up to 10%–20% were found in the Lena River estuary, consistent with earlier studies in this area, where surface waters were shown to have a residence time of approximately 2 months. In contrast, the DOC concentrations showed a strong nonconservative pattern in areas with freshwater residence times of several years. The average losses of DOC were estimated to be 30%–50% during mixing along the shelf, corresponding to a first-order removal rate constant of 0.3 yr⁻¹. These data provide the first observational evidence for losses of DOC in the Arctic shelf seas, and the calculated DOC deficit reflects DOC losses that are higher than recent model estimates for the region. Overall, a large proportion of riverine DOC is removed from the surface waters across the Arctic shelves. Such significant losses must be included in models of the carbon cycle for the Arctic Ocean, especially since the breakdown of terrestrial DOC to CO₂ in Arctic shelf seas may constitute a positive feedback mechanism for Arctic climate warming. These data also provide a baseline for considering the effects of future changes in carbon fluxes, as the vast northern carbon-rich permafrost areas draining into the Arctic are affected by global warming.

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2010GB003834

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Impact of a decreasing sea ice cover on the vertical export of particulate organic carbon in the northern Laptev Sea, Siberian Arctic Ocean

10 November 2009

https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-glaciology/article/meso-and-microscale-seaice-motion-in-the-east-siberian-sea-as-determined-from-ers1-sar-data/E0A7D4458296C2D4D0F6A331436EC69D

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Arctic methane deposits 'starting to release', scientists say

27 Oct 2020

Exclusive: expedition says preliminary findings indicate that new source of greenhouse gas off East Siberian coast has been triggered

https://www.theguardian.com/science/2020/oct/27/sleeping-giant-arctic-methane-deposits-starting-to-release-scientists-find

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Arctic warming interrupts the Transpolar Drift and affects long-range transport of sea ice and ice-rafted matter

02 April 2019

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-41456-y/

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On carbon transport and fate in the East Siberian Arctic land–shelf–atmosphere system

4 January 2012

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/7/1/015201

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The effect of estuarine system on the meiofauna and nematodes in the East Siberian Sea

29 September 2021

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-98641-1

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HBIs and Sterols in Surface Sediments Across the East Siberian Sea: Implications for Palaeo Sea-Ice Reconstructions

2021

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2021GC009940

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Radiocarbon of quaternary along shore and bottom deposits of the Lena and the Laptev Sea sediments

1996

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0304420395000968

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Neodymium isotopes in seawater from the Barents Sea and Fram Strait Arctic-Atlantic gateways

June 2008

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228906281_Neodymium_isotopes_in_seawater_from_the_Barents_Sea_and_Fram_Strait_Arctic-Atlantic_gateways

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Pathways of Siberian freshwater and sea ice in the Arctic Ocean traced with radiogenic neodymium isotopes and rare earth elements

December 2017

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322473914_Pathways_of_Siberian_freshwater_and_sea_ice_in_the_Arctic_Ocean_traced_with_radiogenic_neodymium_isotopes_and_rare_earth_elements

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Sources of Bottom Sediments in the Eastern Part of East Siberian Sea (Reconstruction from Geochemical Data)

23 September 2021

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1134/S000143702104010X

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Ice events along the East Siberian continental margin during the last two glaciations: Evidence from clay minerals

2020

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0025322720301778

___________________________




___________________________


Influence of high-latitude atmospheric circulation changes on summertime Arctic sea ice

Abstract

The Arctic has seen rapid sea-ice decline in the past three decades, whilst warming at about twice the global average rate. Yet the relationship between Arctic warming and sea-ice loss is not well understood. Here, we present evidence that trends in summertime atmospheric circulation may have contributed as much as 60% to the September sea-ice extent decline since 1979. A tendency towards a stronger anticyclonic circulation over Greenland and the Arctic Ocean with a barotropic structure in the troposphere increased the downwelling longwave radiation above the ice by warming and moistening the lower troposphere. Model experiments, with reanalysis data constraining atmospheric circulation, replicate the observed thermodynamic response and indicate that the near-surface changes are dominated by circulation changes rather than feedbacks from the changing sea-ice cover. Internal variability dominates the Arctic summer circulation trend and may be responsible for about 30–50% of the overall decline in September sea ice since 1979.

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-017-00552-1

___________________________




West Antarctic Ice Sheet Cloud Cover and Surface Radiation Budget from NASA A-Train Satellites

2017

https://www.jstor.org/stable/26388522

___________________________




The Impact of Arctic Winter Infrared Radiation on Early Summer Sea Ice

2015

http://www.personal.psu.edu/sxl31/papers/HS_Park_2.pdf

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East Siberian Sea

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Siberian_Sea

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Mechanisms leading to enrichment of the atmospheric fluorocarbons CCl 3 F and CCl 2 F 2 in groundwater

1983

https://www.deepdyve.com/lp/wiley/mechanisms-leading-to-enrichment-of-the-atmospheric-fluorocarbons-ccl-rFKuOTzjxV

___________________________


Perfluorocarbons in the global atmosphere: tetrafluoromethane, hexafluoroethane, and octafluoropropane

2010

https://agage.mit.edu/biblio/perfluorocarbons-global-atmosphere-tetrafluoromethane-hexafluoroethane-and-octafluoropropane

___________________________



Chemistry of the global troposphere: Fluorocarbons as tracers of air motion

1987

https://www.academia.edu/6941388/Chemistry_of_the_global_troposphere_Fluorocarbons_as_tracers_of_air_motion

___________________________



Chlorofluorocarbons and the Depletion of Stratospheric Ozone

1989

https://www.jstor.org/stable/27855550

___________________________



New refrigerants and system configurations for vapor-compression refrigeration

13 Nov 2020

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abe3692

___________________________



Ecological replacements of ozone-depleting substances

https://www.academia.edu/29286910/Ecological_replacements_of_ozone_depleting_substances


___________________________




Tropospheric transformation products of a series of hydrofluorocarbons and hydrochlorofluorocarbons

1993

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00702825

___________________________



___________________________




CFC and Halon replacements in the environment

1999

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0022113999001980

___________________________



Chlorofluorocarbon and Its Effects on the Ozone Layer: Is Legislation Sufficient to Protect the Environment

10-1-1990

https://archives.law.nccu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1524&context=ncclr

___________________________




Halocarbon emissions from marine phytoplankton and climate change

09 January 2017

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13762-016-1219-5

___________________________



Free radicals within the Antarctic vortex: The role of CFCs in Antarctic ozone loss

1991

https://www.academia.edu/5164735/Free_radicals_within_the_Antarctic_vortex_The_role_of_CFCs_in_Antarctic_ozone_loss

___________________________


2021 Antarctic ozone hole one of the longest-lasting on record, says CAMS

December 21, 2021

https://www.meteorologicaltechnologyinternational.com/news/climate-measurement/2021-antarctic-ozone-hole-one-of-the-longest-lasting-on-record-says-cams.html

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Atmospheric concentration of an ozone destroying chemical drops mysteriously*****

2015

https://wattsupwiththat.com/2015/10/07/atmospheric-concentration-of-an-ozone-destroying-chemical-drops-mysteriously/

___________________________



Saving the Ozone Layer Prevented Even More Intense Global Warming

09/01/21

https://whowhatwhy.org/science/environment/saving-the-ozone-layer-prevented-even-more-intense-global-warming/

___________________________



Is the atmospheric ozone recovery real, or just for scoring political points?

2014

https://wattsupwiththat.com/2014/09/12/is-the-atmospheric-ozone-recovery-real-or-just-for-scoring-political-points/

___________________________


Stratospheric ozone depletion by chlorofluorocarbons

1990

 

Abstract

 

Man-made chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) such as CCl{sub 2}F{sub 2} and CCl{sub 3}F are inert in the lower atmosphere and can survive for a hundred years or more without reaction. The only important destruction process for CFCs is ultraviolet photolysis in the stratosphere, with the release of atomic chlorine. Chlorine atoms attack stratospheric ozone with the formation of the free radical ClO which reacts further to regenerate atomic chlorine. This chain reaction can cause the removal of 100 000 molecules of ozone per Cl atom, and coupled with the emission to the atmosphere of one million tons of CFCs per year, produces ozone depletion on a significant global scale. Under the special meteorological conditions of the Antarctic winter stratosphere, chlorine and nitrogen chemistry occur which permit massive ozone depletion in the lower stratosphere when sunlight returns in the spring. Similar chemistry has also been found in experiments carried out in the Arctic stratosphere. Analysis of long-term records from ground stations has confirmed the loss of 2-3% ozone since 1970 in the Northern Hemisphere between 30degN and 64degN, with the heaviest losses in the winter. The Montreal Protocol of 1987 provides a framework for international control of emissons of CFCs, and its 1990 modification calls for elimination of further production within the next decade. Substitutes for the CFCs are now being developed rapidly, with special attention to HCFCs (e.g. CHClF{sub 2}) and HFCs (e.g. CH{sub 2}FCF{sub 3}) whose primary removal occurs through oxidation in the lower atmosphere. (orig.) (With 56 refs.).

https://www.osti.gov/etdeweb/biblio/6418934


___________________________



HCFOs, CF3I Stratospheric Ozone and Climate Change

https://www.fluorocarbons.org/environment/environmental-impact/stratospheric-ozone-hcfos-cf3i-and-hfcs/

___________________________



NASA Study Shows That Common Coolants Contribute to Ozone Depletion

Oct 22, 2015

https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/goddard/nasa-study-shows-that-common-coolants-contribute-to-ozone-depletion

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000000

-


Transcriptome of the Antarctic amphipod Gondogeneia antarctica and its response to pollutant exposure

2015 Aug 9

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26264254/

___________________________


Dimethyl siloxane oils as an alternative borehole fluid

14 September 2017

https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/annals-of-glaciology/article/dimethyl-siloxane-oils-as-an-alternative-borehole-fluid/8A05FC98DB666441B660A48F41DED9F4

___________________________



Climate change: Methane gas leaking from Antarctica seabed

23 Jul 2020

https://www.bbc.co.uk/newsround/53503094

___________________________



Scientists reveal how landmark CFC ban gave planet fighting chance against global warming

19.08.2021

https://www.sonnenseite.com/en/science/scientists-reveal-how-landmark-cfc-ban-gave-planet-fighting-chance-against-global-warming/

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The Mysterious Increase In CFC-11 Emissions Has Scientists Baffled

June 6, 2018

https://www.achrnews.com/articles/137201-the-mysterious-increase-in-cfc-11-emissions-has-scientists-baffled

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Microbial reductive dehalogenation in Antarctic melt pond sediments

02 August 2007

https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antarctic-science/article/abs/microbial-reductive-dehalogenation-in-antarctic-melt-pond-sediments/6B41469F04F3925EF9ACD210C7A9485F

___________________________


Scientists Track the Sudden Disappearance of an Antarctic Ice-Shelf Lake

June 24, 2021

https://lamont.columbia.edu/news/scientists-track-sudden-disappearance-antarctic-ice-shelf-lake

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Why You Should Be Worried About This Glacier

2022

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G6A_7KS-eOY

-

Antarctica's "Upside-Down Rivers"

March 14, 2016

Warming ocean water undercuts Antarctic ice shelves

“Upside-down rivers” of warm ocean water threaten the stability of floating ice shelves in Antarctica, according to a new study led by researchers at the University of Colorado Boulder’s National Snow and Ice Data Center. The study highlights how parts of Antarctica’s ice sheet may be weakening due to contact with warm ocean water.

“We found that warm ocean water is carving these 'upside-down rivers,’ or basal channels, into the undersides of ice shelves all around the Antarctic continent. In at least some cases these channels weaken the ice shelves, making them more vulnerable to disintegration,” said Karen Alley, a Ph.D. student in CU Boulder’s Department of Geological Sciences and lead author of an analysis published today in Nature Geoscience.

https://cires.colorado.edu/news/antarcticas-upside-down-rivers

___________________________



Proceedings of the conference on methyl chloroform and other halocarbon pollutants

1980

https://www.osti.gov/biblio/6742138

___________________________


A Recent Study Illustrates Actual Extent of Damage from Arctic Pollution

Sep 25, 2020

https://www.sciencetimes.com/articles/27462/20200925/recent-study-illustrates-actual-extent-damage-arctic-pollution.htm

___________________________



Arctic pollution's surprising history

March 19, 2008

https://phys.org/news/2008-03-arctic-pollution-history.html

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Soil features in rookeries of Antarctic penguins reveal sea to land biotransport of chemical pollutants

2017

Abstract

The main soil physical-chemical features, the concentrations of a set of pollutants, and the soil microbiota linked to penguin rookeries have been studied in 10 selected sites located at the South Shetland Islands and the Antarctic Peninsula (Maritime Antarctica). This study aims to test the hypothesis that biotransport by penguins increases the concentration of pollutants, especially heavy metals, in Antarctic soils, and alters its microbiota. Our results show that penguins do transport certain chemical elements and thus cause accumulation in land areas through their excreta. Overall, a higher penguin activity is associated with higher organic carbon content and with higher concentrations of certain pollutants in soils, especially cadmium, cooper and arsenic, as well as zinc and selenium. In contrast, in soils that are less affected by penguins’ faecal depositions, the concentrations of elements of geochemical origin, such as iron and cobalt, increase their relative weighted contribution, whereas the above-mentioned pollutants maintain very low levels. The concentrations of pollutants are far higher in those penguin rookeries that are more exposed to ship traffic. In addition, the soil microbiota of penguin-influenced soils was studied by molecular methods. Heavily penguin-affected soils have a massive presence of enteric bacteria, whose relative dominance can be taken as an indicator of penguin influence. Faecal bacteria are present in addition to typical soil taxa, the former becoming dominant in the microbiota of penguin-affected soils, whereas typical soil bacteria, such as Actinomycetales, co-dominate the microbiota of less affected soils. Results indicate that the continuous supply by penguin faeces, and not the selectivity by increased pollutant concentrations is the main factor shaping the soil bacterial community. Overall, massive penguin influence results in increased concentrations of certain pollutants and in a strong change in taxa dominance in the soil bacterial community.

https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0181901

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___________________________



Ozone depletion

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ozone_depletion

___________________________


Instrumental neutron activation analysis of spherule samples recovered from the Pacific ocean sea sediment and Antarctic ice sheet*****

2007

 

Chemical compositions of spherules separated from deep sea sediment dredged off Hawaiian islands and from Antarctic ice were measured by instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA) using Kyoto University Reactor (KUR). Iron, cobalt, nickel, iridium, scandium and manganese contents in those spherules were determined to be 19.3-97.7%, 23-4370 mg·kg^-1, 0.08-7.04%, 0.84-35.4 mg·kg^-1, 1.4-44.3 mg·kg^-1 and 93.4 mg·kg^-1-7.2 %, respectively, and compared with each other. Particularly, iridium was detected in seven spherules among fourteen from Hawaii, but only one spherule among twenty-two from Antarctic, and those spherules turned out to be extraterrestrial in origin. However, it was shown that there was little difference in characteristics of elemental contents between both kinds of spherules, except for Ir-detected spherules.

https://waseda.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/instrumental-neutron-activation-analysis-of-spherule-samples-reco

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1.5 million-year-old Antarctic ice is helping scientists predict the future of climate change

03/12/2021

https://www.euronews.com/green/2021/12/02/how-can-1-5-million-year-old-antarctic-ice-help-us-to-predict-the-future-of-climate-change

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700-year-old Antarctic ice cores reveal unexpected impact on Earth's atmosphere

Oct. 6, 2021

Humans have been affecting the atmosphere longer than previously thought and at more significant levels.

https://www.cnet.com/science/700-year-old-antarctic-ice-cores-reveal-unexpected-impact-on-earths-atmosphere/

___________________________


Past Antarctic Warming Linked to Greenhouse Gas

February 28, 2013

https://www.livescience.com/27549-carbon-dioxide-caused-antarctica-warming.html

___________________________



Sudden Disappearance of Giant Antarctic Lake Leaves Massive Crater – 200 Billion Gallons of Water Gone

June 29, 2021

https://scitechdaily.com/sudden-disappearance-of-giant-antarctic-lake-leaves-massive-crater-200-billion-gallons-of-water-gone/

___________________________




Scripps Institution of Oceanography

https://scitechdaily.com/tag/scripps-institution-of-oceanography/


-



___________________________


Concentrations of Thirteen Trace Metals in Scales of Three Nototheniid Fishes from Antarctica (James Ross Island, Antarctic Peninsula)

2019 Jan 2

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30600496/

___________________________



Organic complexation of cobalt across the Antarctic Polar Front in the Southern Ocean

January 2005

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/230821664_Organic_complexation_of_cobalt_across_the_Antarctic_Polar_Front_in_the_Southern_Ocean

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Heavy metal pollution in Antarctica: A molecular ecotoxicological approach to exposure assessment

April 2005

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/229699330_Heavy_metal_pollution_in_Antarctica_A_molecular_ecotoxicological_approach_to_exposure_assessment

___________________________


Anomalously high arsenic concentration in a West Antarctic ice core and its relationship to copper mining in Chile***********

2016

 

Arsenic variability records are preserved in snow and ice cores and can be utilized to reconstruct air pollution history. The Mount Johns ice core (79°55′S; 94°23′W and 91.2 m depth) was collected from the West Antarctic Ice Sheet in the 2008/09 austral summer. Here, we report the As concentration variability as determined by 2137 samples from the upper 45 m of this core using ICP-SFMS (CCI, University of Maine, USA). The record covers approximately 125 years (1883–2008) showing a mean concentration of 4.32 pg g⁻¹. The arsenic concentration in the core follows global copper mining evolution, particularly in Chile (the largest producer of Cu). From 1940 to 1990, copper-mining production increased along with arsenic concentrations in the MJ core, from 1.92 pg g⁻¹ (before 1900) to 7.94 pg g⁻¹ (1950). In the last two decades, environmental regulations for As emissions have been implemented, forcing smelters to treat their gases to conform to national and international environmental standards. In Chile, decontamination plants required by the government started operating from 1993 to 2000. Thereafter, Chilean copper production more than doubled while As emission levels declined, and the same reduction was observed in the Mount Johns ice core. After 1999, arsenic concentrations in our samples decreased to levels comparable to the period before 1900.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1352231015305343

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Greenpeace expedition finds plastic pollution and hazardous chemicals in remote Antarctic waters

June 6, 2018

https://www.greenpeace.org/usa/news/greenpeace-expedition-finds-plastic-pollution-and-hazardous-chemicals-in-remote-antarctic-waters/

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The dangerous way tourism is polluting Antarctica and accelerating melting

Feb 22, 2022

https://www.inverse.com/science/researchers-tourists-pollute-antarctica

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Are humpback whales good bioindicators of Antarctic mercury pollution?

September 17, 2021

https://news.griffith.edu.au/2021/09/17/are-humpback-whales-good-bioindicators-of-antarctic-mercury-pollution/

___________________________


Quartz from Antarctica

https://www.mindat.org/locentries.php?p=36&m=3337

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7-Part Mysterious Bismuth and Magnesium-Zinc Metal from Bottom of Wedge-Shaped UFO

https://www.earthfiles.com/bismuth/

___________________________



Anthropogenic effects on the marine environment adjacent to Palmer Station, Antarctica

07 December 2021

https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antarctic-science/article/anthropogenic-effects-on-the-marine-environment-adjacent-to-palmer-station-antarctica/7B26916CFADF5DE44552DBD66086B3C2

___________________________



Remarkably coherent population structure for a dominant Antarctic Chlorobium species

2021 Nov 26

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8620254/

___________________________



Ancient Microbes in the Antarctic Ice

1999

https://www.umsl.edu/microbes/files/pdfs/antarctic.pdf

___________________________


Psychrophilic pseudomonas in antarctic freshwater lake at stornes peninsula, larsemann hills over east Antarctica

07 October 2015

https://springerplus.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s40064-015-1354-3

___________________________


Antarctic marine invertebrates could act as sentinels of environmental change

13 July 2020

https://www.antarctica.gov.au/news/2020/antarctic-marine-invertebrates-could-act-as-sentinels-of-environmental-change/

___________________________


Anthropogenic trace elements (Bi, Cd, Cr, Pb) concentrations in a West Antarctic ice core

2022

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35508014/

___________________________


Lead Sources to the Amundsen Sea, West Antarctica

January 2016

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/292304839_Lead_Sources_to_the_Amundsen_Sea_West_Antarctica

___________________________


Lead pollution recorded in Greenland ice indicates European emissions tracked plagues, wars, and imperial expansion during antiquity

14 May 2018

https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Lead-pollution-recorded-in-Greenland-ice-indicates-McConnell-Wilson/b956441097e015341301b7a44c46f94c6f0486f5

___________________________


Plastic pollution continues to reach sub-Antarctic islands

April 30th 2020

https://en.mercopress.com/2020/04/30/plastic-pollution-continues-to-reach-sub-antarctic-islands

___________________________



Pervasive Arctic lead pollution suggests substantial growth in medieval silver production modulated by plague, climate, and conflict

2019

https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.1904515116

___________________________



Human Impacts on Antarctica and Threats to the Environment - Pollution

https://www.coolantarctica.com/Antarctica%20fact%20file/science/threats_pollution.php

___________________________




Exotic-Looking Microbes Turn up in Ancient Antarctic Ice

https://www.stevequayle.com/index.php?s=112

___________________________



Storm petrels as indicators of pelagic seabird exposure to chemical elements in the Antarctic marine ecosystem

2019 Jul 10

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31351282/

___________________________





___________________________



Novel application of sub-Antarctic macroalgae as zinc oxide nanoparticles biosynthesizers

2022

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0167577X22006942

___________________________



Highly bioavailable dust-borne iron delivered to the Southern Ocean during glacial periods

October 15, 2018

https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.1809755115

___________________________


Iron oxides and hydroxides in the weathering interface between Stereocaulon vesuvianum and volcanic rock

09 July 2018

https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/clay-minerals/article/abs/iron-oxides-and-hydroxides-in-the-weathering-interface-between-stereocaulon-vesuvianum-and-volcanic-rock/A2A043E20EFFA6D92E1F0BE07F92B21E

___________________________


Iron localization in Acarospora colonizing schist on Signy Island

08 October 2012

https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antarctic-science/article/abs/iron-localization-in-acarospora-colonizing-schist-on-signy-island/1C233974925A83506273D991F7D59ECB

___________________________



Iron cycling in the anoxic cryo-ecosystem of Antarctic Lake Vida

28 May 2017

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10533-017-0346-5

___________________________


Aerosol iron speciation and seasonal variation of iron oxidation state over the western Antarctic Peninsula

2022

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0048969722009822

___________________________




Blood Falls

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blood_Falls

___________________________


Air bubbles in Antarctic ice point to a cause of oxygen decline

December 20, 2021

An unknown culprit has been removing oxygen from our atmosphere for at least 800,000 years, and an analysis of air bubbles preserved in Antarctic ice for up to 1.5 million years has revealed the likely suspect.

"We know atmospheric oxygen levels began declining slightly in the late Pleistocene, and it looks like glaciers might have something to do with that," said Rice University's Yuzhen Yan, corresponding author of the geochemistry study published in Science Advances. "Glaciation became more expansive and more intense about the same time, and the simple fact that there is glacial grinding increases weathering."

Weathering refers to the physical and chemical processes that break down rocks and minerals, and the oxidation of metals is among the most important. The rusting of iron is an example. Reddish iron oxide forms quickly on iron surfaces exposed to atmospheric oxygen, or O2.

"When you expose fresh crystalline surfaces from the sedimentary reservoir to O2, you get weathering that consumes oxygen," said Yan, a postdoctoral research associate in Rice's Department of Earth, Environmental and Planetary Sciences.

Another way glaciers could promote the consumption of atmospheric oxygen is by exposing organic carbon that had been buried for millions of years, Yan said...

https://phys.org/news/2021-12-air-antarctic-ice-oxygen-decline.html

___________________________


Macroalgae degradation promotes microbial iron reduction via electron shuttling in coastal Antarctic sediments

2021 May 26

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34051435/

___________________________

Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) conjugated with lipase Candida antarctica A for biodiesel synthesis

2022

https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2020/ra/d0ra06215d

___________________________


Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals and Climate Change: A Worst-Case Combination for Arctic Marine Mammals and Seabirds?

1 April 2006

https://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/doi/10.1289/ehp.8057

___________________________


Human Impacts on Antarctica and Threats to the Environment - Mining and Oil

https://www.coolantarctica.com/Antarctica%20fact%20file/science/threats_mining_oil.php

___________________________

Cadmium and phosphate in coastal Antarctic seawater: Implications for Southern Ocean nutrient cycling

2008

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0304420308001485

___________________________


Long-term monitoring of atmospheric pollution in the Maritime Antarctic with the lichen Usnea aurantiaco-atra (Jacq.) Bory: a magnetic and elemental study

 25 October 2021

https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antarctic-science/article/abs/longterm-monitoring-of-atmospheric-pollution-in-the-maritime-antarctic-with-the-lichen-usnea-aurantiacoatra-jacq-bory-a-magnetic-and-elemental-study/2FE306926A020D8DF58BFC9B66EB3E25

___________________________



Water, sanitation, pollution, and health in the Arctic

25 October 2018

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11356-018-3388-x

___________________________


Treatment of Arctic wastewater by chemical coagulation, UV and peracetic acid disinfection

16 February 2017

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11356-017-8585-5

___________________________



Mercury and toxic cocktails affect the Arctic ecosystems, wildlife and human health – How to take action?

23 October 2020

https://www.arctic-council.org/news/mercury-and-toxic-cocktails-effects-on-arctic/

___________________________


Tracking the Spread of Toxic Chemicals Through the Arctic

2022

https://www.maritime-executive.com/editorials/tracking-the-spread-of-toxic-chemicals-through-the-arctic

___________________________


Newer PFAS contaminant detected for first time in Arctic seawater

July 29, 2020

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/07/200729114838.htm

___________________________



Project reveals low levels of PFAS in drinking water

August 6th, 2020

http://www.thearcticsounder.com/article/2032project_reveals_low_levels_of_pfas_in

___________________________

Melted micrometeorites from Antarctic ice with evidence for the separation of immiscible Fe-Ni-S liquids during entry heating

1998

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/j.1945-5100.1998.tb01647.x

___________________________



Toxic chemicals released by melting Arctic ice

Jul 25, 2011

Climate change is boosting levels of banned pollutants such as PCBs and DDT in the atmosphere, Canadian, Chinese and Norwegian scientists have found.

A "wide range" of persistent organic pollutants, or POPs, have been increasingly released into the Arctic atmosphere since the early 1990s, says the study led by Environment Canada scientist Jianmin Ma, "confirming that Arctic warming could undermine global efforts to reduce environmental and human exposure to these toxic chemicals."

The study, published Sunday in Nature Climate Change, links higher summer air temperatures and lower sea ice cover to increasing levels of POPs. That suggests that POPs previously trapped in water, snow and ice could be released back into the air as the ice melts, allowing them to travel long distances through the environment.

https://www.cbc.ca/news/science/toxic-chemicals-released-by-melting-arctic-ice-1.1049162

___________________________



China’s alleged intentions to mine Antarctica spark global debate

January 21, 2015

https://www.mining.com/chinas-alleged-intentions-to-mine-antarctica-spark-global-debate/

___________________________






___________________________


Penicillium nalgiovense Laxa isolated from Antarctica is a new source of the antifungal metabolite amphotericin B

2015 Jan 17

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5611601/

___________________________


Climatically sensitive transfer of iron to maritime Antarctic ecosystems by surface runoff

15 February 2017

https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Climatically-sensitive-transfer-of-iron-to-maritime-Hodson-Nowak/50daf1f9b76c08e678e24d0c9a11613425628fa7

___________________________



Nitrous oxide variability at sub-kilometre resolution in the Atlantic sector of the Southern Ocean

July 6, 2018

https://peerj.com/articles/5100/

___________________________



EXPLANATORY NOTES FOR THE MINERAL-RESOURCES MAP OF THE CIRCUM-PACIFIC REGION ANTARCTIC SHEET

1998

https://pubs.usgs.gov/cp/47/report.pdf

___________________________


Vascular Expression of Hemoglobin Alpha in Antarctic Icefish Supports Iron Limitation as Novel Evolutionary Driver.

12 Nov 2019

https://europepmc.org/article/MED/31780954

___________________________


Iron cycling in the anoxic cryo-ecosystem of Antarctic Lake Vida

2017

https://www.soest.hawaii.edu/oceanography/glazer/Brian_T._Glazer/downloads/Proemse17a.pdf

___________________________



Colonization of Antarctica

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colonization_of_Antarctica

___________________________

Diamonds found in Antarctic meteorite

1981

https://www.deepdyve.com/lp/wiley/diamonds-found-in-antarctic-meteorite-e7KOzHq0bL

___________________________


Combating ecosystem collapse from the tropics to the Antarctic

25 February 2021

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/gcb.15539

___________________________



Why Another Antarctic Ice Shelf Collapsed

04/01/2022

https://www.sciencefriday.com/segments/antarctic-ice-shelf-collapsed/

___________________________


Magnetic monitoring of anthropogenic pollution in Antarctic soils (Marambio Station) and the spatial-temporal changes over a decade

2021

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S034181622100148X

___________________________





___________________________













-


Bacteria in Sea Ice Could Play Role in Mercury Pollution in Oceans

August 1, 2016

https://e360.yale.edu/digest/antarctic_sea_ice_mercury_pollution

___________________________



Antarctic Fish as a Global Pollution Sensor: Metals Biomonitoring in a Twelve-Year Period

2021

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmolb.2021.794946/full

___________________________



Antarctic Pollution Issues

December 2014

https://intlpollution.commons.gc.cuny.edu/antarctic-pollution-issues/

___________________________


Black carbon pollution from tourism and research increasing Antarctic snowmelt, study says

2022

Pollution generated by burning fossil fuels causes snow to darken, absorb more solar energy and melt faster

Antarctic sea ice falls to lowest level since measurements began in 1979

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/feb/22/black-carbon-pollution-from-tourism-and-research-increasing-antarctic-snowmelt-study-says

___________________________



Japan to resume commercial whaling, but not in Antarctic

December 26, 2018

https://apnews.com/article/japan-ap-top-news-international-news-whales-science-92934e9d2e824487ad2da5f38440a1e8

___________________________




Microplastics in the Weddell Sea (Antarctica): A Forensic Approach for Discrimination between Environmental and Vessel-Induced Microplastics

2021

https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.1c05207

___________________________


Ancient Air Bubbles Trapped in Antarctic Ice Point to Cause of Oxygen Decline

January 8, 2022

https://scitechdaily.com/ancient-air-bubbles-trapped-in-antarctic-ice-point-to-cause-of-oxygen-decline/

___________________________


Contaminated suspended sediments toxic to an Antarctic filter feeder: Aqueous- and particulate-phase effects

09 December 2009

https://setac.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1897/08-328.1

___________________________


Dead dogs, leaking oil drums, batteries: Antarctica’s abandoned waste gets funding boost to kickstart the clean up

February 24, 2022

https://theconversation.com/dead-dogs-leaking-oil-drums-batteries-antarcticas-abandoned-waste-gets-funding-boost-to-kickstart-the-clean-up-177711

___________________________



Restoring soils could remove up to ‘5.5bn tonnes’ of greenhouse gases every year

16.03.2020

https://www.carbonbrief.org/restoring-soils-could-remove-up-to-5-5bn-tonnes-of-greenhouse-gases-every-year/

___________________________


Worried about plastic pollution? Antarctic fuel-eating microbes may help in clean up

https://www.msn.com/en-in/health/nutrition/worried-about-plastic-pollution-antarctic-fuel-eating-microbes-may-help-in-clean-up/ar-AATyhN8

___________________________


Functional expression of a novel α-amylase from Antarctic psychrotolerant fungus for baking industry and its magnetic immobilization

28 February 2017

https://bmcbiotechnol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12896-017-0343-8

___________________________


The Antarctic: Data about the structure of the icy continent

December 10, 2019

https://www.geologypage.com/2019/12/the-antarctic-data-about-the-structure-of-the-icy-continent.html

___________________________




___________________________




Why Antarctica and the Arctic are polar opposites

January 31, 2019

The Earth’s north and south polar regions are responding quite differently to climate change

https://www.sciencenewsforstudents.org/article/why-antarctica-and-arctic-are-polar-opposites

___________________________








Futuristic Carbon Based Adsorbents and their Versatile Applications

2022

https://www.hindawi.com/journals/ast/2022/7948069/

___________________________


Post-coring entrapment of modern air in some shallow ice cores collected near the firn-ice transition: evidence from CFC-12 measurements in Antarctic firn air and ice cores

2010

https://doaj.org/article/ab5a156bf46343eaa3950962e47f1798

___________________________



Fluoride toxicity to aquatic organisms: a review

2002

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0045653502004988

___________________________


Determination of Fluoride Concentration in Antarctic Krill (Euphausia superba) using Dielectric Spectroscopy

22 May 2015

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/bkcs.10295

___________________________



Fluoride content of Antarctic marine animals caught off Elephant Island

October 1982

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00263809

___________________________


Fluoride content of salmonids fed on Antarctic krill

1981

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0044848681900569

___________________________


Reduction of the bioavailability of fluoride from Antarctic krill by calcium

2009

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10719576/

___________________________



Effect of dietary fluoride derived from Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) meal on growth of yellowtail (Seriola quinqueradiata)

2011 Nov 21

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22113059/

___________________________


Composition and content analysis of fluoride in inorganic salts of the integument of Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba)

2019 May 27

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6536536/

___________________________


Fluoride in Antarctic marine crustaceans

December 1998

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/225738396_Fluoride_in_Antarctic_marine_crustaceans

___________________________



Bone Response to Fluoride Exposure Is Influenced by Genetics

December 11, 2014

https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0114343

___________________________



Effect of irradiance on the emission of short-lived halocarbons from three common tropical marine microalgae

April 19, 2019

https://peerj.com/articles/6758/

___________________________








Ozone Depletion by Nitrogen Fertilizer Should be Tackled Soon

21st September, 2021

https://www.daily-sun.com/post/577883/Ozone-Depletion-by-Nitrogen-Fertilizer-Should-be-Tackled-Soon

___________________________



Large Diversity in Nitrogen- and Sulfur-Containing Compatible Solute Profiles in Polar and Temperate Diatoms

22 September 2020

https://academic.oup.com/icb/article/60/6/1401/5909998?login=false

___________________________




Lichens and nitrogen cycling

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichens_and_nitrogen_cycling

___________________________




Concentrations and ratios of particulate organic carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus in the global ocean

2014 Dec 9

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4421931/

___________________________




Carbon and Nitrogen Use Efficiency in Microbial Communities in Antarctic Soils

April 2016

https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016EGUGA..1813353P/abstract

___________________________



Permafrost Thaw and the Nitrogen Cycle

Climate warming is causing permafrost to thaw. In and near Denali National Park and Preserve, the temperature of permafrost (ground that is frozen for two or more consecutive years) is just below freezing, so a small amount of warming can have a large impact.

Where tundra ecosystems have intact permafrost, vast quantities of N and other nutrients, including carbon, are sequestered (stored) in the frozen organic matter beneath the surface. But the nutrients in frozen soils are largely unavailable to plants and soil microorganisms. In these tundra systems, the N cycle is considered “closed” because there is very little “leakage” of N from soils, either dissolved in liquid runoff or as emissions of N-containing gases.

Has a warming climate influenced N cycling in the tundra at Denali similarly to what has been documented in arctic regions? That is, where permafrost has thawed, is there a change from a closed to an “open” N cycle? And, if the N cycle is more open near Denali, which forms of N are being leaked from the tundra ecosystem?

https://www.nps.gov/articles/denali-permafrost-thaw.htm

___________________________




Purple Bacteria Fix Nitrogen in Proterozoic-Analogue Lake

28 September 2021

A new study challenges the assumption that cyanobacteria were the only major nitrogen fixers in the Proterozoic eon.

https://eos.org/articles/purple-bacteria-fix-nitrogen-in-proterozoic-analogue-lake

___________________________



Cave-Dwelling "Slime Curtains" Cycle Nitrogen and Iron

4 November 2015

In a cave accessible only by daredevil divers, extraordinary microbial colonies metabolize nitrogen and iron nutrients and possibly remove pollutants from water.

https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1986JGR....9110771C/abstract

___________________________



Carbon and nitrogen dynamics in a maritime Antarctic stream

1993

https://www.deepdyve.com/lp/wiley/carbon-and-nitrogen-dynamics-in-a-maritime-antarctic-stream-1dr98rM9I0

___________________________


Soil nitrogen transformations on a subantarctic island

13 May 2004

https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antarctic-science/article/abs/soil-nitrogen-transformations-on-a-subantarctic-island/DF9D6A51922F92A5E52855E9517B3054

___________________________






___________________________




Nitrogen Inputs by Marine Vertebrates Drive Abundance and Richness in Antarctic Terrestrial Ecosystems

May 09, 2019

https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(19)30436-1

___________________________


Stable isotopic biogeochemistry of carbon and nitrogen in a perennially ice-covered Antarctic lake

1993

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11539299/

___________________________



Microbial Nitrogen Cycling in Antarctic Soils

21 September 2020

https://www.mdpi.com/2076-2607/8/9/1442

___________________________


Nitrogen Inputs by Marine Vertebrates Drive Abundance and Richness in Antarctic Terrestrial Ecosystems

2019

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0960982219304361

___________________________


Nitrogen isotopic evidence for a poleward decrease in surface nitrate within the ice age Antarctic

2008

 

Abstract

 

Surface sediment diatom-bound δ¹⁵N along a latitudinal transect of 170°W shows a previously unobserved increase to the South of the Antarctic Polar Front. The southward δ¹⁵N increase is best explained by the combination of two changes toward the South, a decrease in the isotope effect of nitrate assimilation (ε) and an increase in the degree of nitrate consumption, both associated with shoaling of the mixed layer into the seasonal ice zone (SIZ). New downcore records show high amplitude changes in diatom-bound δ¹⁵N during the last ice age, with intervals of higher δ¹⁵N, including the last glacial maximum, the transition between marine isotope stages 5 and 4, and marine isotope stage 6, while other intervals are similar in δ¹⁵N to interglacial sediments. Variation in the range of 0–3‰, as seen in previously published records, may be entirely due to changes in ε. However, the observed magnitude of the change of 4–10‰ in the three new records and the locations of these records relative to the modern meridional gradient in mixed layer depth appear to require increased nitrate consumption to explain the high-δ¹⁵N intervals. The new sites are near the modern Southern Antarctic Circumpolar Current Front (SACCF), and one of the sites has been shown to be associated with sporadic summer sea ice during the LGM. As with other Antarctic sites, the available proxy data suggest that they were characterized by lower export production. Based on these and other observations, we propose that the weak southward nitrate decrease in the modern Antarctic surface was a fully developed “nutrient front” in the glacial Antarctic, associated with the SACCF. Both modern ocean and paleoceanographic work is needed to test this hypothesis, which would have major implications for atmospheric CO₂.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0277379108000474

___________________________



Upper ocean nitrogen fluxes in the Polar Antarctic Zone: Constraints from the nitrogen and oxygen isotopes of nitrate

26 November 2009

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2009GC002468

___________________________


Algae: Nitrogen Fixation by Antarctic Species

15 Mar 1963

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.139.3559.1059

___________________________






Nitrogen-Fixing Microbes Found in Antarctic Sea

Oct 28, 2020

The discovery puts a nail in the coffin of a long-held assumption about the limits of where the essential process can occur.

https://www.the-scientist.com/news-opinion/nitrogen-fixing-microbes-found-in-antarctic-sea-68099

___________________________


Biological nitrogen fixation detected under Antarctic sea ice

26 October 2020

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41561-020-00651-7

___________________________



External nutrient inputs into terrestrial ecosystems of the Falkland Islands and the Maritime Antarctic region

04 May 2007

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00300-007-0292-0

___________________________



Nitrogen dynamics in two antarctic streams

March 1989

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00031612

___________________________






The Chilling Truth About Plastic Pollution In Antarctica

https://oceanblueproject.org/microplastics-in-antarctica/

___________________________


Plastic pollution reaches the Antarctic

6 June 2018

https://www.greenpeace.org/international/story/16917/plastic-pollution-reaches-the-antarctic/

___________________________



Plastic pollution in the Antarctic worse than expected

June 19, 2017

https://phys.org/news/2017-06-plastic-pollution-antarctic-worse.html

___________________________




Scientists find microplastics in fresh Antarctic snow for the first time

Jun 10 2022

https://www.cnbc.com/2022/06/10/microplastics-found-in-fresh-antarctic-snow-for-first-time-.html

___________________________




Microplastic pollution in Antarctica extremely serious

2017

https://www.plasticsoupfoundation.org/en/2017/06/microplastic-pollution-antarctica-extremely-serious/

___________________________



Plastic Pollution in Antarctica 5 Times Worse Than Expected

Jun 20, 2017

https://www.ecowatch.com/microplastics-antarctic-2444523173.html

___________________________



Plastic pollution reaching the Antarctic

April 28, 2020

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/04/200428112544.htm

___________________________


Microplastics found in gut of animal on one of the most remote islands of the world

June 24, 2020

https://edition.cnn.com/2020/06/23/world/microplastics-gut-isolated-animal-antarctic-scn-scli-intl/index.html

___________________________


Nanoplastics have now invaded both Arctic and Antarctica, researchers find

21 January 2022

https://www.independent.co.uk/climate-change/news/nano-plastics-pollution-arctic-antarctica-b1997974.html

___________________________




Microplastics found for first time in Antarctic ice where krill source food

22 Apr 2020

Researchers at University of Tasmania find 14 different kinds of plastic smaller than 5mm in an ice core from 2009

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/22/microplastics-found-for-first-time-in-antarctic-ice-where-krill-source-food

___________________________


Marine plastic pollution in the polar south: Responses from Antarctic Treaty System

01 December 2020

https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/polar-record/article/marine-plastic-pollution-in-the-polar-south-responses-from-antarctic-treaty-system/3AD3BC09BD95184AF1866E14B9AD0375

___________________________


Microplastic pollution in Antarctica extremely serious

https://dev.plasticsoupfoundation.org/en/microplastic-pollution-antarctica-extremely-serious/

___________________________


Plastic Pollution Affects the Development of Antarctic Krill

2021

https://polarjournal.ch/en/2021/08/10/plastic-pollution-affects-the-development-of-antarctic-krill/

___________________________



Evidence of deep circulation in two perennially ice-covered Antarctic lakes

1998

 

The perennial ice covers found on many of the lakes in the McMurdo Dry Valley region of the Antarctic have been postulated to severely limit mixing and convective turnover of these unique lakes. In this work, we utilize chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) concentration profiles from Lakes Hoare and Fryxell in the McMurdo Dry Valley to determine the extent of deep vertical mixing occurring over the last 50 years. Near the ice-water interface, CFC concentrations in both lakes were well above saturation, in accordance with atmospheric gas supersaturations resulting from freezing under the perennial ice covers. Evidence of mixing throughout the water column at Lake Hoare was confirmed by the presence of CFCs throughout the water column and suggests vertical mixing times of 20-30 years. In Lake Fryxell, CFC-11, CFC-12, and CFC-113 were found in the upper water column; however, degradation of CFC-11 and CFC-12 in the anoxic bottom waters appears to be occurring with CFC-113 only present in these bottom waters. The presence of CFC-113 in the bottom waters, in conjunction with previous work detecting tritium in these waters, strongly argues for the presence of convective mixing in Lake Fryxell. The evidence for deep mixing in these lakes may be an important, yet overlooked, phenomenon in the limnology of perennially ice-covered lakes.

https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70020842

___________________________




Anthropogenic contaminants in freshwater from the northern Antarctic Peninsula region

24 October 2020

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13280-020-01404-x

___________________________



Distribution and long-range transport of polyfluoroalkyl substances in the Arctic, Atlantic Ocean and Antarctic coast

2012 Jul 5

 

The global distribution and long-range transport of polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) were investigated using seawater samples collected from the Greenland Sea, East Atlantic Ocean and the Southern Ocean in 2009-2010. Elevated levels of ΣPFASs were detected in the North Atlantic Ocean with the concentrations ranging from 130 to 650 pg/L. In the Greenland Sea, the ΣPFASs concentrations ranged from 45 to 280 pg/L, and five most frequently detected compounds were perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorohexanesulfonate (PFHxS), perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA), perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS). PFOA (15 pg/L) and PFOS (25-45 pg/L) were occasionally found in the Southern Ocean. In the Atlantic Ocean, the ΣPFASs concentration decreased from 2007 to 2010. The elevated PFOA level that resulted from melting snow and ice in Greenland Sea implies that the Arctic may have been driven by climate change and turned to be a source of PFASs for the marine ecosystem.

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22771353/

___________________________




Perfluorooctanesulfonate and related fluorochemicals in albatrosses, elephant seals, penguins, and polar skuas from the Southern Ocean

2006

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17256507/

___________________________




Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) — main concerns and regulatory developments in Europe from an environmental point of view

07 May 2012

https://enveurope.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/2190-4715-24-16

___________________________




EMERGING PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS (POPS) IN THE WESTERN SOUTH ATLANTIC AND ANTARCTIC BIOTAWESTERN SOUTH ATLANTIC AND ANTARCTIC

2015

https://digitalcommons.uri.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1474&context=theses

___________________________




Perfluorinated Chemicals in Sediments, Lichens and Seabirds from the Antarctic Peninsula-Environmental Assessment and Management Perspectives

September 2015

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/275024329_Perfluorinated_Chemicals_in_Sediments_Lichens_and_Seabirds_from_the_Antarctic_Peninsula-Environmental_Assessment_and_Management_Perspectives

___________________________





___________________________






___________________________





___________________________



Microbial responses to perfluoroalkyl substances and perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) desulfurization in the Antarctic marine environment

2020

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0043135419312114

_____________________

___________________________




Antarctic seafloor exposed after 50 years of ice cover

17 March 2021

https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-56424338

___________________________



Lakes Drain under Antarctic Ice Sheet

2007

https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/7615/lakes-drain-under-antarctic-ice-sheet

___________________________



Antarctic Glaciers Lost Stunning Amount of Ground in Recent Years

April 4, 2018

Linked to a warming ocean, ice retreat was more rapid than even at the end of the last Ice Age

https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/antarctic-glaciers-lost-stunning-amount-of-ground-in-recent-years/

___________________________


Submarine landslides triggered by iceberg collision with the seafloor

24 June 2021

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41561-021-00767-4

___________________________



Early Melting Along the Antarctic Peninsula

November 21, 2020

https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/147608/early-melting-along-the-antarctic-peninsula

___________________________



Tiny fossils, huge landslides: Are diatoms the key to Earth's biggest slides?

February 12, 2018

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/02/180212133446.htm

___________________________



Wandering icebergs could trigger tsunamis

August 9, 2021

Icebergs aren't just a threat to unsinkable ships. Their ability to cause underwater landslides poses a danger to coastal cities.

https://bigthink.com/hard-science/iceberg-marine-landslide/

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Atlantic Ocean Tsunamis: Rare but Possible

https://geology.com/noaa/atlantic-ocean-tsunami/

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Falkland Islands may lie in the path of landslide tsunami, study finds

March 16, 2020

Researchers find British territory may have been hit by giant waves in the past — but admit they only happen every one million years

https://inews.co.uk/news/falkland-islands-major-tsunami-risk-study-research-antarctic-ocean-408752

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___________________________


Submarine landslides: processes, triggers and hazard prediction

27 June 2006

https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsta.2006.1810

___________________________


The Subantarctic Front as a sedimentary conveyor belt for tsunamigenic submarine landslides

2020

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0025322720300499

___________________________


Undersea landslides: Extent and significance in the Pacific Ocean, an update

November 2005

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/26435669_Undersea_landslides_Extent_and_significance_in_the_Pacific_Ocean_an_update

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Large-scale submarine landslides, channel and gully systems on the southern Weddell Sea margin, Antarctica

2013

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0025322713002570

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Underwater Antarctic volcanoes discovered in the Southern Ocean

July 11, 2011

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/07/110711104755.htm

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Giant Undersea Volcanoes Found Off Antarctica

Mount Fuji-size peaks unexpected, scientists say.

July 16, 2011

https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/110715-undersea-volcanoes-antarctica-science-tsunamis

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'A fortunate accident': Scientists stumble across sea creatures living in -2°C water on the Southern Ocean seabed underneath Antarctica

15 February 2021

    British Antarctic Survey researchers drilled a borehole through 900m of ice
    They then ventured further through the ocean water and down to the sea floor
    Here they ricocheted off a large boulder and a camera caught sight of the rock
    Revealed sponges and unidentified stalked animals on the surface, a world first

https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-9254883/Scientists-stumble-sea-creatures-underneath-Antarctica.html

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Submarine landslide

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine_landslide

___________________________




 An Iceberg May Have Initiated a Submarine Landslide

A new study shows that icebergs may initiate submarine landslides when they collide with the seafloor.

20 July 2021

https://eos.org/articles/an-iceberg-may-have-initiated-a-submarine-landslide

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The planet’s largest landslides happen on submarine volcanoes

December 12, 2017

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2017/12/171212114811.htm

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Reassessing geohazards of buried landslide deposits and their impacts on seabed ecosystems

March 23, 2022

https://phys.org/news/2022-03-reassessing-geohazards-landslide-deposits-impacts.html

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Gebra Slide: glacial and tectonic controls on recurrent submarine landsliding off the northern tip of the Antarctic Peninsula

2016

https://mem.lyellcollection.org/content/46/1/417

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Waves of Deadly Brine Can Slosh After Submarine Landslides

28 January 2019

Brine pools—hypersaline, low-oxygen waters deadly to many forms of ocean life—can experience waves hundreds of meters high when hit by a landslide, potentially overspilling their deep-sea basins.

https://eos.org/articles/waves-of-deadly-brine-can-slosh-after-submarine-landslides

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Submarine landslides triggered by iceberg collision with the seafloor

June 2021

https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2021NatGe..14..599N/abstract

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“Landslide Graveyard” Holds Clues to Long-Term Tsunami Trends

3 June 2022

A new project looks to unearth information about and learn from ancient underwater landslides buried deep beneath the seafloor to support New Zealand’s resilience to natural hazards.

https://eos.org/science-updates/landslide-graveyard-holds-clues-to-long-term-tsunami-trends

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Huge undersea landslide discovered in Cook Strait

11 March 2008

https://niwa.co.nz/no18-2008/huge-undersea-landslide-discovered-in-cook-strait

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Seafloor landslides point to ancient tsunamis

February 7, 2013

https://www.australiangeographic.com.au/news/2013/02/seafloor-landslides-point-to-ancient-tsunamis/

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Return to Coalsack Bluff and the Permian Triassic boundary in Antarctica

January 2007

https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007GPC....55...90R/abstract

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Methane gas release from the Storegga submarine landslide linked to early Holocene climate change: a speculative hypothesis

2007

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/0959683607076435

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Submarine canyons

https://www.mbari.org/submarine-canyons/

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Earthquakes May Prevent Underwater Landslides

4 April 2016

Smaller quakes around the active edge of continental plates may contribute to increased stability by promoting compaction and solidifying the top 100 meters of seafloor sediment.

https://eos.org/research-spotlights/earthquakes-may-prevent-underwater-landslides

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Submarine slope failure primed and triggered by silica and its diagenesis

08 September 2006

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2117.2006.00297.x

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The Hillary Canyon and the Iselin Bank (Eastern Ross Sea, Antarctica): Alongslope and Downslope Route For Ross Sea Bottom Water

December 2015

https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015AGUFMEP13A0919D/abstract

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Antarctica hit by 30,000 earthquakes in 3 months

2020

https://watchers.news/2020/12/18/south-shetland-islands-bransfield-strait-earthquakes-2020/

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Earthquake impact on submarine slopes: Subtle erosion versus significant strengthening

June 26, 2019

https://phys.org/news/2019-06-earthquake-impact-submarine-slopes-subtle.html

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Mussels Arrive in Antarctica, an Ominous Sign

April 17, 2020

https://weather.com/science/environment/news/2020-04-17-the-arrival-of-mussels-in-antarctica-changes-everything

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Ice Shelf Completely Disintegrates in East Antarctica

Mar 29, 2022

https://scitechdaily.com/ice-shelf-completely-disintegrates-in-east-antarctica/amp/

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Submarine glide blocks from the Lower Cretaceous of the Antarctic Peninsula

1985

https://www.deepdyve.com/lp/wiley/submarine-glide-blocks-from-the-lower-cretaceous-of-the-antarctic-qvWV1qcJQR

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In-depth Q&A: The IPCC’s special report on the ocean and cryosphere**

25 September 2019

https://www.carbonbrief.org/in-depth-qa-the-ipccs-special-report-on-the-ocean-and-cryosphere/

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Earth's cryosphere shrinking by 87,000 square kilometers per year

July 1, 2021

Summary: A new study reports the first global assessment of the extent of snow and ice cover on Earth's surface -- a critical factor cooling the planet through reflected sunlight -- and its response to warming temperatures.

The global cryosphere -- all of the areas with frozen water on Earth -- shrank by about 87,000 square kilometers (about 33,000 square miles), a area about the size of Lake Superior, per year on average, between 1979 and 2016 as a result of climate change, according to a new study. This research is the first to make a global estimate of the surface area of the Earth covered by sea ice, snow cover and frozen ground.

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2021/07/210701195242.htm

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Sea Ice Can Control Antarctic Ice Sheet Stability, New Research Finds

2022

https://wattsupwiththat.com/2022/05/14/sea-ice-can-control-antarctic-ice-sheet-stability-new-research-finds/

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Antarctic Peaks Reveal Sea Rise Threat

2016

https://floodlist.com/protection/antarctic-peaks-reveal-sea-rise-threat

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High geothermal heat beneath West Antarctica glacier responsible for its melting

Aug 21, 2021

https://strangesounds.org/2021/08/high-geothermal-heat-beneath-antarctica-ice-melting.html

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Antarctic Tunnels: 820-foot-high Mystery Channels Discovered Under Antarctica Ice Cap

Aug 22, 2014

https://strangesounds.org/2014/08/antarctic-tunnels-820-foot-high-mystery-channels-discovered-antarctica-ice-cap.html

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Evidence of Recent Volcanic Eruptions Under the Western Antarctic Ice Sheet

2017

https://wattsupwiththat.com/2017/09/14/evidence-of-recent-volcanic-eruptions-under-the-western-antarctic-ice-sheet/

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Volcano discovered smoldering under a kilometer of ice in West Antarctica

2013

https://wattsupwiththat.com/2013/11/17/volcano-discovered-smoldering-under-a-kilometer-of-ice-in-west-antarctica/

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New paper finds West Antarctic glacier likely melting from geothermal heat below

2014

https://wattsupwiththat.com/2014/10/12/new-paper-finds-west-antarctic-glacier-likely-melting-from-geothermal-heat-below/

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Talking about Iceberg Melt Rates and Glacier Frontal Ablation: Seller and Heim Glacier, Antarctica

May 18, 2020

https://blogs.agu.org/fromaglaciersperspective/2020/05/18/talking-about-iceberg-melt-seller-and-heim-glacier-antarctica/

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The variety and distribution of submarine glacial landforms and implications for ice-sheet reconstruction

30 November 2016

https://mem.lyellcollection.org/content/46/1/519

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New Research Details the Net Retreat of Antarctic Glacier Grounding Lines

April 2, 2018

https://scitechdaily.com/research-details-net-retreat-of-antarctic-glacier-grounding-lines/

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Natural Hazards of the Antarctic Tectonic Region

https://antarctic-plate-tectonics.weebly.com/natural-hazards-of-the-antarctic-tectonic-region.html

 

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Active leak of sea-bed methane discovered in Antarctica for first time

July 22, 2020

https://phys.org/news/2020-07-leak-sea-bed-methane-antarctica.html

 

 

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NEWS: Mysterious Siberian crater attributed to methane

1 Aug 2014

http://arp.arctic.ac.uk/news/2014/aug/1/news-mysterious-siberian-crater-attributed-methane/index.html

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Expedition to study methane gas bubbling out of the Arctic seafloor

September 21, 2012

https://www.mbari.org/expedition-to-study-methane-gas-bubbling-out-of-the-arctic-seafloor/

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Bathymetry and geological setting of the South Sandwich Islands volcanic arc

18 March 2016

https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antarctic-science/article/abs/bathymetry-and-geological-setting-of-the-south-sandwich-islands-volcanic-arc/4FDAD855C6E08E1901C08DE52C52E15E

___________________________



Evidence for ice-free summers in the late Miocene central Arctic Ocean

2016

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27041737/

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Mass wasting on Alpha Ridge in the Arctic Ocean: new insights from multibeam bathymetry and sub-bottom profiler data

13 May 2020

https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Mass-wasting-on-Alpha-Ridge-in-the-Arctic-Ocean%3A-Boggild-Mosher/bffd3e465b8095166b96231de87d7ce522419f9b

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Fact-Check: is an Arctic “Methane Bomb” about to go off?*

2019

https://climatetippingpoints.info/2019/05/13/fact-check-is-an-arctic-methane-bomb-about-to-go-off/

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How Methane Affects the Arctic – Infographic

April 25, 2016

https://www.thearcticinstitute.org/how-methane-affects-the-arctic-infographic/

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NEWS: Scientists discover vast methane plumes escaping from Arctic seafloor

1 Aug 2014

http://arp.arctic.ac.uk/news/2014/aug/1/news-scientists-discover-vast-methane-plumes-escap/index.html

___________________________


How Methane Affects the Arctic – Infographic

April 25, 2016

https://www.thearcticinstitute.org/how-methane-affects-the-arctic-infographic/

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Methane much more sensitive to global heating than previously thought – study

2022

Greenhouse gas has undergone rapid acceleration and scientists say it may be due to atmospheric changes

https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/jul/05/global-heating-causes-methane-growth-four-times-faster-than-thought-study

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Russian scientists say they’ve found the highest-ever ‘flares’ of methane in Arctic waters

October 12, 2019

https://www.cnn.com/2019/10/12/us/arctic-methane-gas-flare-trnd/index.html

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Groundwater discharge as a driver of methane emissions from Arctic lakes

27 June 2022

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-022-31219-1

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Methane Is Blowing More Holes In The Arctic (Study)

February 11, 2021

https://www.lintelligencer.com/methane-is-blowing-more-holes-in-the-arctic-study-12714-2021/

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Unexpected Future Boost of Methane Possible from Arctic Permafrost

Aug 17, 2018

https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2018/unexpected-future-boost-of-methane-possible-from-arctic-permafrost

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Nova episode explores Arctic methane explosions

January 31, 2022

https://www.gi.alaska.edu/news/nova-episode-explores-arctic-methane-explosions

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Alaska permafrost thaw is clue in mystery of Arctic methane explosions

February 3, 2022

https://www.alaskapublic.org/2022/02/03/alaska-permafrost-thaw-is-clue-in-mystery-of-arctic-methane-explosions/

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Sea 'Boiling' with Methane Discovered in Siberia: 'No One Has Ever Recorded Anything like This Before'

10/8/19

https://www.newsweek.com/methane-boiling-sea-discovered-siberia-1463766

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Diverse sediment microbiota shape methane emission temperature sensitivity in Arctic lakes

05 October 2021

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-25983-9

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Subsea Permafrost and Associated Methane Hydrate on the U.S. Arctic Ocean Margin

April 30, 2017

https://www.usgs.gov/programs/cmhrp/news/subsea-permafrost-and-associated-methane-hydrate-us-arctic-ocean-margin

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Increase in atmospheric methane set another record during 2021

Carbon dioxide levels also record a big jump

April 7, 2022

https://www.noaa.gov/news-release/increase-in-atmospheric-methane-set-another-record-during-2021

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Arctic methane emissions

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_methane_emissions

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Arctic methane deposits 'starting to release', scientists say

27 Oct 2020

Exclusive: expedition says preliminary findings indicate that new source of greenhouse gas off East Siberian coast has been triggered

https://www.theguardian.com/science/2020/oct/27/sleeping-giant-arctic-methane-deposits-starting-to-release-scientists-find

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Glendonites track methane seepage in Mesozoic polar seas

June 01, 2017

https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/geology/article-abstract/45/6/503/207930/Glendonites-track-methane-seepage-in-Mesozoic?redirectedFrom=fulltext

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There's So Much Methane in This Arctic Lake That You Can Light the Air on Fire

September 27, 2018

https://www.livescience.com/63688-methane-lake-farts-fire.html

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Tracking Methane Emissions from Arctic Tundra

Dec 1, 2016

https://www.globalchange.gov/about/highlights/2017-tracking-methane-emissions-arctic-tundra

___________________________



Increased Methane Gas Levels Found Over Cracks in Arctic Sea Ice

April 24, 2012

https://scitechdaily.com/increased-methane-gas-levels-found-over-cracks-in-arctic-sea-ice/

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'This Is Truly Terrifying': Scientists Studying Underwater Permafrost Thaw Find Area of the Arctic Ocean 'Boiling With Methane Bubbles'

October 9, 2019

The lead researcher said that "this is the most powerful" methane seep he has ever seen. "No one has ever recorded anything similar."

https://www.commondreams.org/news/2019/10/09/truly-terrifying-scientists-studying-underwater-permafrost-thaw-find-area-arctic

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Lasers and Bubbles: Solving the Arctic’s Methane Puzzle

June 18, 2020

https://blogs.nasa.gov/earthexpeditions/2020/06/18/lasers-and-bubbles-solving-the-arctics-methane-puzzle/

___________________________



Nitrous oxide and methane in a changing Arctic Ocean

10 October 2021

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13280-021-01633-8

___________________________


Arctic Carbon: carbon dioxide and methane

https://atmoscomp.ldeo.columbia.edu/research-projects/arctic-carbon-carbon-dioxide-and-methane

___________________________




CO2 Freeze: Up Why it happens, what you can do (Paintball Tanks Freezing that use Co2 instead of Oxygen)

Under certain condition, users of carbon dioxide gas (from high pressure cylinders), experience "freeze-up" problems on valves, regulators and other compressed gas equipment. The term, "freeze up", refers to a pressure regulator becoming clogged with dry ice snow or crystals, which restrict the flow of gas through the regulator or other pressure control valve. The following explains this phenomenon in an effort to help users avoid problems in CO2 distribution systems.

https://www.harrisproductsgroup.com/en/Resources/Knowledge-Center/Articles/CO2-Freeze-Up-Why-it-happens-what-you-can-do


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Bottom of CO2 tank freezing

08-19-2016

Have something odd going on..or maybe it's normal I don't know... I push co2 into my fermenter to transfer the beer to our kegs and after 10 minutes or so I notice that the bottom 3rd of my co2 tank has ice formation. The tank will read zero after a while and than the next day will show it is not in fact empty...is this common or a problem with my process or regulator?

You're drawing CO2 too rapidly from what sounds like a 50 lb tank. When the demand for CO2 is too high for the tank to supply, the fluid CO2 in the tanks turns into solid CO2--dry ice-- ("snowing up") which evaporates very slowly, hence your problems. The dry ice will convert back to fluid over time (if there's enough left in the tank), but this can take overnight--as you've seen.

Solutions--bigger tank, like a bulk Dewar flask, with a vaporizer and primary regulator. This is a whole-house solution, and if you grow, will be something you'll have eventually. The primary reg. should be a high-flow, high-pressure, reducing the 300 or so psi in the Dewar to ~100 psi for your distro lines. Secondary regs at each point-of-use reduce the 100psi to your working pressure, usually ~15 psi.

Another solution: Heat your 50lb tanks. You can buy electric blankets for this--use ones made for wet conditions, not household electric blankets--and wrap them around the lower 1/2 of the tank. You can use a hot-water bath, etc.

Using more than one 50lb tank in parallel will allow a faster draw without "snowing up". Again, I'd use a primary reg to bring the tank's pressure of 500-1200psi down to 100 or so, then a secondary to get your working pressure. The primary reg can be a heated unit.

https://discussions.probrewer.com/forum/probrewer-message-board/brewing-process-and-theory/process-and-techniques-sponsored-by-cpe-systems/36964-bottom-of-co2-tank-freezing

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Liquid Nitrogen Tank Frost Or Icing Normal?

Nov 20, 2017

Liquid nitrogen tank in use, due to liquid nitrogen vaporization energy absorption and cooling, water vapor condensation in the air, the emergence of frost or icing is normal, not leakage of nitrogen. If not in use, the temperature is not very low, there are frost or icing phenomenon, it may be leakage of nitrogen.

     If internal frost or icing is mainly due to the liquid nitrogen tank between the heat exchange between the outer and the air formed by the condensation of water vapor. Ordinary liquid nitrogen tank mild frosting or freezing is a normal phenomenon, if the frosting or freezing serious situation we must pay attention to.

Normally the normal range of use for the cryogenic liquid nitrogen tank design (XL-45 to XL-65) is 9.2 meters of gas and 8 liters of liquid per minute. If you exceed this range of use will appear serious frost or icy conditions. When the gas temperature is low, with particular attention to it on the use of equipment will have some damage. This phenomenon is also reflected in the tank bottom will be more serious frost or icing. The solution is to connect a cryogenic tank in parallel again.

     Cryogenic tank delivered from the factory to the user after long-distance transport, in the process may be in the top of the tank level intermediate level gauge there is a slightly loose connection. Not obvious when the jar is not in use, there will be a lot of frosting after use.

http://www.globalliquidnitrogentank.com/news/liquid-nitrogen-tank-frost-or-icing-normal-10146728.html

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Why vent-line ice-covered at nitrogen tank depressurization?

2019

When you depressurize a gas, it will tend to expand in order to do that it will steal heat from the surrounds the faster you depressurize the faster this occurs the colder the piping will get, hence the umidity in the air is freezing when this occurs. The defrosting depends on your local conditions and on the time based upon each discharge.

You can do a simple hand calculation to get a initial estimative this rate using the thermodynamic tables for nitrogen and simplified heat flow equations. Of course the icing on the piping will cause some influence.

https://www.eng-tips.com/viewthread.cfm?qid=448359

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Emissions of nitrous oxide and methane from Antarctic Tundra: role of penguin dropping deposition

2020

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1352231002003400

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Methanogens in the Antarctic Dry Valley permafrost

 05 June 2018

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29878114/

_____________

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'Waterfall' of microbes in Antarctic sea floor leads to discovery of methane leak

July 22, 2020

https://www.reuters.com/article/us-climate-change-antarctica-methane-idUSKCN24N31U

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Billions of Tons of Methane Lurk Beneath Antarctic Ice

August 29, 2012

https://www.livescience.com/22793-methane-antarctic-ice.html

___________________________



Potential methane reservoirs beneath Antarctica

August 29, 2012

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/08/120829131628.htm

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Antarctic Methane: A New Factor in the Climate Equation

August 29, 2012

https://www.climatecentral.org/news/antarctic-methane-a-new-factor-in-the-climate-equation-14913

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First evidence of widespread active methane seepage in the Southern Ocean, off the sub-Antarctic island of South Georgia

2014

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0012821X1400421X

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Scientists studied microbes feeding on Antarctica’s first methane leak – here’s what they found

Aug 20, 2020

    Antarctica holds up to a quarter of the planet’s marine methane.

    The first known methane leak in Antarctica could be a worrying sign of more to come.

    Ocean-dwelling microorganisms eat methane, preventing it from being released into the atmosphere.

https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2020/08/antarctica-methane-leak-microorganisms/

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Methane-Eating Bacteria Discovered Under The Antarctic Shelf

Aug 3, 2017

Deep beneath the ice of the South Pole exists a lifeform that could help us manage greenhouse gas emissions. The bacteria that live there survive by digesting methane, acting as a phenomenal biofilter between the frozen environment and the rest of the planet.

In 2013, an international and interdisciplinary team of scientists drilled 800 meters (2,600 feet) into the West Antarctic Ice Sheet, where they reached Lake Whillans. The researchers collected samples of water and sediments that had been isolated from the atmosphere for many thousands of years. Their results are published in Nature Geoscience.

"Not only is this important for the global climate, but methane oxidation could be a widespread means of life for microbes in the deep, permanently cold biosphere beneath the West Antarctic Ice Sheet," lead author Alexander Michaud, from Montana State University, said in a statement.

The team looked at the genome of the bacteria and at the concentration of methane in the sample. They believe there is a large reservoir of methane under the West Antarctic Ice Sheet and, if their findings are correct, the bacteria may be helping to prevent the gas from releasing into the atmosphere.

While there’s less methane than carbon dioxide, it’s actually a much more potent greenhouse gas. Over a period of 20 years, it has warmed the planet 86 times as much as CO2. This means that if there are indeed methane deposits, it’s better to keep them from getting into the atmosphere.

Through methane oxidation, these bacteria living in Lake Whillans may be able to consume more than 99 percent of the methane, representing a significant carbon sink.

The presence of this complex environment also raises the intriguing possibility of life on the icy moons of Saturn and Jupiter, although this is still early on all fronts. We have no concrete evidence of life outside Earth and we have barely started to study what lies beneath the Antarctic ice.

"It took more than a decade of scientific and logistical planning to collect the first clean samples from an Antarctic subglacial environment, but the results have transformed the way we view the Antarctic continent," added co-author John Priscu of Montana State University.

Understanding potential sources of methane and where methane can “sink” might help us refine our climate models and maybe even find ways to improve the capture of greenhouse gases.

https://www.iflscience.com/methane-eating-bacteria-discovered-under-the-antarctic-shelf-43094




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Bacteria ate up all the methane that spilled from the Deepwater Horizon well

January 6, 2011

https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/bacteria-ate-up-all-the-methane-that-spilled-from-the-deepwater-horizon-well


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Antarctic Octopuses Discovered With Sub-Zero Venom

2010

A research expedition to Antarctica to study the region’s octopus life has returned with descriptions of four new species, and the first known sub-zero venoms. “Antarctic octopus venom works at temperatures that would stop other venoms in their tracks,” said biochemist Bryan Fry of the University of Melbourne, who led the expedition.

https://www.wired.com/2010/08/antarctic-octopus-gallery/

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When dinosaurs roamed Antarctica

https://www.bbcearth.com/news/when-dinosaurs-roamed-antarctica

___________________________


When did Antarctica become a continent?

December 11, 2021

Antarctica is frigid, but that's a pretty new phenomenon.

https://www.livescience.com/when-did-antarctica-become-continent

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Mesozoic tectonic evolution of the South Orkney Microcontinent, Scotia arc, Antarctica

01 May 1997

https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/geological-magazine/article/abs/mesozoic-tectonic-evolution-of-the-south-orkney-microcontinent-scotia-arc-antarctica/52D851E39F363562050AA06FA87ECD57

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Evolution of the Karoo-Maud Plume and Formation of Mesozoic Igneous Provinces in Antarctica

06 June 2022

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1134/S001670292206009X

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10 Important Dinosaurs That Roamed Across Australia and Antarctica

July 25, 2019

https://www.thoughtco.com/most-important-dinosaurs-of-australia-and-antarctica-1092053

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South Polar region of the Cretaceous

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Polar_region_of_the_Cretaceous

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Category:Paleozoic Antarctica

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Paleozoic_Antarctica

___________________________


The Ancient Fossil Forests of Antarctica

https://oceanwide-expeditions.com/blog/the-ancient-fossil-forests-of-antarctica

___________________________


Mesozoic radiolarian faunas from the Antarctic Peninsula: age, tectonic and palaeoceanographic significance

1 November 1992

https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Mesozoic-radiolarian-faunas-from-the-Antarctic-age%2C-Holdsworth-Nell/d5baa5fd021d47dcbf84f51da3921f0636fa715f

___________________________




___________________________


Sedimentology and structure of the trench-slope to forearc basin transition in the Mesozoic of Alexander Island, Antarctica

01 May 2009

https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/geological-magazine/article/abs/sedimentology-and-structure-of-the-trenchslope-to-forearc-basin-transition-in-the-mesozoic-of-alexander-island-antarctica/A39A0BF882ACBD7609B86532096CEA1E

___________________________



Geochemistry of Palaeozoic–Mesozoic Pacific rim orogenic magmatism, Thurston Island area, West Antarctica

13 May 2004

https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antarctic-science/article/abs/geochemistry-of-palaeozoicmesozoic-pacific-rim-orogenic-magmatism-thurston-island-area-west-antarctica/B20D5903D42DC656C6DC61354BFCF604

___________________________


Early mesozoic microfloras from Antarctica

 09 Feb 201

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00288306.1965.10428109

___________________________


Magmatism in Antarctica and its relation to Zealandia

2020

https://par.nsf.gov/servlets/purl/10227447

___________________________


Pressure-Driven Poiseuille Flow Inherited From Mesozoic Mantle Circulation Led to the Eocene Separation of Australia and Antarctica

19 January 2021

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2020JB019945

___________________________

Marooned on Mesozoic Madagascar

April 29, 2020

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/04/200429111133.htm

___________________________






First Antarctic egg belonged to an ancient sea monster — study

https://www.inverse.com/science/big-egg

___________________________

Giant 'toothed' birds flew over Antarctica 40 million to 50 million years ago

November 21, 2021

https://news.yahoo.com/giant-toothed-birds-flew-over-211237005.html

___________________________



Allochthonous oceanic basalts within the Mesozoic accretionary complex of Alexander Island, Antarctica: remnants of proto-Pacific oceanic crust

1 January 1994

https://jgs.lyellcollection.org/content/151/1/65

___________________________



Geodynamic evolution of the Antarctic Peninsula during Mesozoic times and its bearing on Weddell Sea history (1996)

https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/showciting?cid=25214530

___________________________




New perspectives on the Mesozoic seed fern order Corystospermales based on attached organs from the Triassic of Antarctica

2000

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10860906/

___________________________


Role of Pyroxenite Mantle in the Formation of the Mesozoic Karoo Plume Melts: Evidence from the Western Queen Maud Land, East Antarctica

16 April 2021

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1134/S001670292104008X

___________________________

Breakup and early seafloor spreading between India and Antarctica

01 July 2007

https://academic.oup.com/gji/article/170/1/151/2019630?login=false

___________________________

The Gondwanan margin in West Antarctica: Insights from Late Triassic magmatism of the Antarctic Peninsula

2019

https://repositorio.uchile.cl/bitstream/handle/2250/175048/The-Gondwanan-margin-in-West-Antarctica.pdf?sequence=1

___________________________




Triassic Period: Tectonics and Paleoclimate

https://ucmp.berkeley.edu/mesozoic/triassic/triassictect.html

___________________________


Late Paleozoic Ice Age glaciers shaped East Antarctica landscape

29 Nov 2018

https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01925658/document

___________________________


Chapter 1.1 Tectonic history of Antarctica over the past 200 million years

January 2021

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348626402_Chapter_11_Tectonic_history_of_Antarctica_over_the_past_200_million_years

___________________________


Mesozoic climates: General circulation models and the rock record

2006

https://antarctic-plate-tectonics.weebly.com/uploads/2/5/8/0/25809939/mesozoic_climate.pdf

___________________________



Tectonics of Antarctica

January 1, 1967

https://www.usgs.gov/publications/tectonics-antarctica

___________________________

Compositions of Igneous Rocks in the Thurston Island Area, Antarctica: Evidence for a Late Paleozoic-Middle Mesozoic Andinotype Continental Margin

1987

https://www.jstor.org/stable/30065729

___________________________


Mesozoic geology of Cape Shirreff, Livingston Island, South Shetland Islands, Antarctica

1999-01-13

https://revistes.ub.edu/index.php/ActaGeologica/article/view/5075

___________________________


Some evidence for a wide fan-shaped extension of the East Antarctic plate at the Mesozoic-Cenozoic transition

2022

https://meetingorganizer.copernicus.org/EGU21/EGU21-1825.html?pdf

___________________________


Two-Stepping into the Icehouse: East Antarctic Weathering During Progressive Ice-Sheet Expansion at the Eocene–Oligocene Progressive Ice-Sheet Expansion at the Eocene–Oligocene
Transition

4-2011

https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1043&context=geol_facpub

___________________________


The metamorphic rocks of the Nunatak Viedma in the Southern Patagonian Andes: Provenance sources and implications for the early Mesozoic Patagonia-Antarctic Peninsula connection

2019

https://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/insu-01968876

___________________________



Structurally preserved fungi from Antarctica: diversity and interactions in late Palaeozoic and Mesozoic polar forest ecosystems

2016

https://epub.ub.uni-muenchen.de/48903/1/Harper_structurally_preserved_fungi.pdf

___________________________



Geological Evolution of Antarctica Paperback: 1 (World and Regional Geology, Series Number 1)

2011

https://www.iberlibro.com/9780521188906/Geological-Evolution-Antarctica-Paperback-World-0521188903/plp

___________________________


Neodymium and strontium isotopic and trace element composition of a Mesozoic CFB suite from Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica: Implications for lithosphere and asthenosphere contributions to Karoo magmatism

1998

https://researchportal.helsinki.fi/en/publications/neodymium-and-strontium-isotopic-and-trace-element-composition-of

___________________________



Increased petrogenic and biospheric organic carbon burial in sub-Antarctic fjord sediments in response to recent glacier retreat

28 October 2021

https://aslopubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/lno.11965

___________________________


An Eocene orthocone from Antarctica shows convergent evolution of internally shelled cephalopods

March 1, 2017

https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0172169

___________________________


The Gondwanan margin in West Antarctica: insights from Late Triassic magmatism of the Antarctic Peninsula

2020

https://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/175048

___________________________





Arc accretion to the early Paleozoic Antarctic margin of Gondwana in Victoria Land

2010

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236130613_Arc_accretion_to_the_early_Paleozoic_Antarctic_margin_of_Gondwana_in_Victoria_Land

___________________________


Synchronous alkaline and subalkaline magmatism during the late Neoproterozoic–early Paleozoic Ross orogeny, Antarctica: Insights into magmatic sources and processes within a continental arc

2016

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0024493716302067

___________________________


Aeromagnetic and gravity anomaly constraints for an early Paleozoic subduction system of Victoria Land, Antarctica

23 May 2002

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2001GL014138

___________________________


Evidence of Oribatid Mite Detritivory in Antarctica during the Late Paleozoic and Mesozoic

2004

https://www.jstor.org/stable/4094941

___________________________


Prehistoric Antarctica forest fossils offer scientists ‘glimpse of life before the extinction’

11 Nov, 2017

https://www.rt.com/news/409581-prehistoric-antarctica-forest-fossils/

___________________________


The diversity and interactions of fungi from the Paleozoic and Mesozoic of Antarctica

2015-05-31

https://kuscholarworks.ku.edu/handle/1808/19040

___________________________


Paleozoic tectonism on the East Gondwana margin: Evidence from SHRIMP UPb zircon geochronology of a migmatite-granite complex in West Antarctica

2009

https://www.academia.edu/5012528/Paleozoic_tectonism_on_the_East_Gondwana_margin_Evidence_from_SHRIMP_UPb_zircon_geochronology_of_a_migmatite_granite_complex_in_West_Antarctica

___________________________


Anatectic reworking and differentiation of continental crust - 2013

https://www.academia.edu/5012518/Anatectic_reworking_and_differentiation_of_continental_crust_2013


-


Anatectic reworking and differentiation of continental crust along the active margin of Gondwana: a zircon Hf–O perspective from West Antarctica

2013

https://www.academia.edu/5699114/Anatectic_reworking_and_differentiation_of_continental_crust_along_the_active_margin_of_Gondwana_a_zircon_Hf_O_perspective_from_West_Antarctica


-

Cretaceous oblique extensional deformation and magma accumulation in the Fosdick Mountains migmatite-cored gneiss dome, West Antarctica

2010

https://www.academia.edu/5012530/Cretaceous_oblique_extensional_deformation_and_magma_accumulation_in_the_Fosdick_Mountains_migmatite_cored_gneiss_dome_West_Antarctica

-



UPb SHRIMP investigation of the timing and duration of melt production and migration in a Pacific margin gneiss dome, Fosdick Mountains, Antarctica

2006

https://www.academia.edu/5012525/UPb_SHRIMP_investigation_of_the_timing_and_duration_of_melt_production_and_migration_in_a_Pacific_margin_gneiss_dome_Fosdick_Mountains_Antarctica

-


Evidence of oribatid mite detritivory in Antarctica during the late Paleozoic and Mesozoic

20 May 2016

https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-paleontology/article/abs/evidence-of-oribatid-mite-detritivory-in-antarctica-during-the-late-paleozoic-and-mesozoic/3CB099A207D549615614ED77DF0F414E

___________________________


Paleozoic tectonism on the East Gondwana margin: Evidence from SHRIMP U-Pb zircon geochronology of a migmatite-granite complex in West Antarctica

November 2009

https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2009Tectp.477..262S/abstract

___________________________


Molecular clock evidence for survival of Antarctic cyanobacteria (Oscillatoriales, Phormidium autumnale) from Paleozoic times

01 November 2012

https://academic.oup.com/femsec/article/82/2/482/499702?login=false

___________________________


Temporal, Isotopic and Spatial Relations of Early Paleozoic Gondwana-Margin Arc Magmatism, Central Transantarctic Mountains, Antarctica

2012-08-10

https://www.peeref.com/works/12347112

___________________________


New Late Paleozoic Conchostracan (Crustacea: Branchiopoda) from the Shackleton Glacier Area, Antarctica: Age and Paleoenvironmental Implications

2002

https://www.jstor.org/stable/1307177

___________________________


Thermochronologic constraints on post‐Paleozoic tectonic evolution of the central Transantarctic Mountains, Antarctica

Aug 1994

https://experts.syr.edu/en/publications/thermochronologic-constraints-on-postpaleozoic-tectonic-evolution

___________________________


Paleozoic-Mesozoic crayfish from Antarctica: Earliest evidence of freshwater decapod crustaceans


    June 1998

https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1998Geo....26..539B/abstract

___________________________


Continental Drift, III: Late Paleozoic Glacial Centers, and Devonian-Eocene Coal Distribution

1971

https://www.jstor.org/stable/30060193

___________________________


Archaeologists have found artifacts under the melted ice of Antarctica

February 20, 2020

https://www.soulask.com/archaeologists-have-found-artifacts-under-the-melted-ice-of-antarctica/

___________________________


Antarctic Iceberg's Split Reveals Ecosystem Hidden for Thousands of Years

October 04, 2017

https://www.livescience.com/60600-antarctica-ice-shelf-hidden-ecosystem.html

___________________________

Ancient Antarctica Rainforest Discovery Suggests Prehistoric World Much Warmer Than Thought

 

2020


https://scitechdaily.com/ancient-antarctica-rainforest-discovery-suggests-prehistoric-world-much-warmer-than-thought/

___________________________


East Antarctica magnetically linked to its ancient neighbours in Gondwana

2021

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-84834-1

___________________________


An embayment in the East Antarctic basement constrains the shape of the Rodinian continental margin

09 March 2022

https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-022-00375-z

___________________________

Neoproterozoic and early paleozoic geological complexes of Eastern Antarctica: Composition and origin

2007

https://link.springer.com/article/10.3103/S0145875207050018

___________________________


Early Paleozoic tectonism within the East Antarctic craton: The final suture between east and west Gondwana?

2001

https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001Geo....29..463B/abstract

___________________________

Iguana-sized dinosaur cousin discovered in Antarctica, shows how life at the South Pole bounced back after mass extinction


2019

https://www.washington.edu/news/2019/01/31/antarctic-king-fossil/

___________________________

Aeromagnetic and gravity anomaly constraints for an early Paleozoic subduction system of Victoria Land, Antarctica

2002

https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/693019

___________________________




https://www.deepdyve.com/lp/wiley/aeromagnetic-and-gravity-anomaly-constraints-for-an-early-paleozoic-oI0hXu002X

___________________________


What Antarctica Looked Like Before the Ice

2013

https://www.livescience.com/27715-antarctica-before-ice.html

___________________________


Main stages and geodynamic regimes of the Earth’s crust formation in East Antarctica in the Proterozoic and Early Paleozoic

2008

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1134/S0016852108060010

___________________________


Late Paleozoic Glaciation and Ice Sheet Collapse Over Western and Eastern Gondwana: Sedimentology and Stratigraphy of Glacial to Post-Glacial Strata in Western Argentina and Tasmania, Australia

2013

https://dc.uwm.edu/etd/112/

___________________________


World's biggest reptile egg laid by a prehistoric sea monster 66 million years ago and unearthed in Antarctica has a soft shell like a turtle's egg

2020

https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-8432207/Worlds-biggest-reptile-egg-laid-prehistoric-sea-monster-66-million-years-ago.html

___________________________






___________________________

800,000-year Ice-Core Records of Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide (CO₂)

 

https://cdiac.ess-dive.lbl.gov/trends/co2/ice_core_co2.html

___________________________

 

Was there a prehistoric civilization in Antarctica?

2002

https://english.pravda.ru/society/1609-antarctica/

___________________________


Fossil of ‘real-life Loch Ness Monster’ found in Antarctica was the biggest sea dinosaur ever

 

2019

 
https://www.foxnews.com/science/fossil-of-real-life-loch-ness-monster-found-in-antarctica-was-the-biggest-sea-dinosaur-ever

___________________________

Traces of ancient rainforest in Antarctica point to a warmer prehistoric world

2020

https://www.heritagedaily.com/2020/04/traces-of-ancient-rainforest-in-antarctica-point-to-a-warmer-prehistoric-world/126963

___________________________


Antarctica: 260 Million-Year-Old Forest That Existed Before the Dinosaurs Discovered

2017

https://www.newsweek.com/antarctica-ancient-forest-dinosaurs-discovered-709192

___________________________

Upper Paleozoic glacigenic deposits of Gondwana: Stratigraphy and paleoenvironmental significance of a tillite succession in Northern Victoria Land (Antarctica)

2017

https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2017SedG..358...51C/abstract

___________________________

Meet the ‘Antarctic king,’ an unlikely fossil from 250 million years ago

2019

https://www.cnn.com/2019/01/31/world/antarctic-king-iguana-dinosaur/index.html

___________________________


Cool as ice: Newly-discovered lake in Antarctica may hold prehistoric life

2016

https://www.rt.com/viral/341024-new-lake-discovered-antartica/

___________________________

Prehistoric puzzle settled: carbon dioxide link to global warming 22 million years ago

2017

https://blog.smu.edu/research/2017/11/14/study-settles-prehistoric-puzzle-finds-carbon-dioxide-link-global-warming-22-million-years-ago/

___________________________


Late Paleozoic Glaciation: Part III, Antarctica

1971

https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article-abstract/82/6/1581/7212/Late-Paleozoic-Glaciation-Part-III-Antarctica

___________________________


The Paleozoic and Andean magmatic arcs of West Antarctica and southern South America

1990

https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/379/chapter-abstract/3797086/The-Paleozoic-and-Andean-magmatic-arcs-of-West?redirectedFrom=fulltext

___________________________


Paleozoic: an active margin in the Antarctic Peninsula, and the relative positions of

https://123dok.net/article/paleozoic-active-margin-antarctic-peninsula-relative-positions.y6e8dj67

___________________________

Arc accretion to the early Paleozoic Antarctic margin of Gondwana in Victoria Land

2010

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1342937X10001462

___________________________

Late Paleozoic Ice Age glaciers shaped East Antarctica landscape

2018

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0012821X18306460

___________________________

Traces of ancient rainforest in Antarctica point to a warmer prehistoric world

2020

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/04/200401130825.htm

___________________________


The skeleton of a mysterious “prehistoric beast” found in Antarctica?

2021

https://www.soulask.com/the-skeleton-of-a-mysterious-prehistoric-beast-found-in-antarctica/

___________________________


Early Paleozoic tectonism within the East Antarctic Craton: The final suture between east and west Gondwana?

May 2001

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/249520668_Early_Paleozoic_tectonism_within_the_East_Antarctic_Craton_The_final_suture_between_east_and_west_Gondwana

___________________________



430,000 years ago a meteor exploded over Antarctica, leaving clues in the debris

2021

Remnants from the space rock may help explain how often these cosmic explosions occur—and the threat they pose to Earth.

https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/430000-years-ago-a-meteor-exploded-over-antarctica-leaving-clues-in-the-debris

___________________________


Delayed fungal evolution did not cause the Paleozoic peak in coal production

2016

https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.1517943113

___________________________


Earth and Moon impact flux increased at the end of the Paleozoic

2019

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aar4058

___________________________




















Cenozoic biogenic silica sedimentation in the Antarctic Ocean, based on two deep sea drilling project sites

1977

https://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/concern/graduate_thesis_or_dissertations/41687m260?locale=en

___________________________


The Cenozoic subduction history of the Pacific margin of the Antarctic Peninsula: ridge crest–trench interactions

1 November 1982

https://jgs.lyellcollection.org/content/139/6/787

___________________________


Influence of the opening of the Drake Passage on the Cenozoic Antarctic Ice Sheet: A modeling approach

2012

https://epic.awi.de/id/eprint/31232/

___________________________


From greenhouse to icehouse – the Eocene/Oligocene in Antarctica

2008

https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/From-greenhouse-to-icehouse-%E2%80%93-the-Eocene%2FOligocene-Francis-Marenssi/23e966aa99ae45bda5134c2b65fec7bfd9e01500

___________________________


Feedbacks of lithosphere dynamics and environmental change of the Cenozoic West Antarctic Rift System.

1999

https://research.vu.nl/en/publications/feedbacks-of-lithosphere-dynamics-and-environmental-change-of-the

___________________________






___________________________


Cenozoic magmatism in the western Ross embayment: Role of mantle plume versus plate dynamics in the development of the West Antarctic Rift System

2002

https://research.vu.nl/en/publications/cenozoic-magmatism-in-the-western-ross-embayment-role-of-mantle-p

___________________________


Late Cenozoic glacier-volcano interaction on James Ross Island and adjacent areas, Antarctic Peninsula region

2008

https://pure.aber.ac.uk/portal/en/publications/late-cenozoic-glaciervolcano-interaction-on-james-ross-island-and-adjacent-areas-antarctic-peninsula-region(24ee858b-8bd5-454f-b1e3-20a92b100760).html

___________________________


Evolutionary History of Atmospheric CO2 during the Late Cenozoic from Fossilized Metasequoia Needles

July 8, 2015

https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0130941

___________________________



Cenozoic evolution of Antarctic glaciation, the circum-Antarctic Ocean, and their impact on global paleoceanography

20 September 1977

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/JC082i027p03843

___________________________


Rapid Cenozoic glaciation of Antarctica induced by declining atmospheric CO2

16 January 2003

https://www.nature.com/articles/nature01290

___________________________


Antarctic Cenozoic climate history from sedimentary records: ANDRILL and beyond

28 January 2016

https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsta.2014.0301

___________________________


Onset of Cenozoic Antarctic glaciation

2007

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0967064507001737

___________________________


Cenozoic Ice Age Caused by Drop in CO2… Because Models

August 6th, 2021

https://wattsupwiththat.com/2021/08/09/cenozoic-ice-age-caused-by-drop-in-co2-because-models/

___________________________


The Cenozoic history of Antarctica and its global impact

14 May 2004

https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antarctic-science/article/abs/cenozoic-history-of-antarctica-and-its-global-impact/96D5B20451DD9EE6A47FB046D2B5E04D

___________________________


Cenozoic motion between East and West Antarctica

09 March 2000

https://www.nature.com/articles/35004501

___________________________

Rapid Cenozoic glaciation of Antarctica induced by declining atmospheric CO2

2003

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12529638/

___________________________

Progressive Cenozoic cooling and the demise of Antarctica’s last refugium

June 27, 2011

https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.1014885108

___________________________

Late Cenozoic unification of East and West Antarctica

09 August 2018

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-018-05270-w

___________________________


Antarctic Late Cenozoic Glaciation: Evidence for Initiation of Ice Rafting and Inferred Increased Bottom-Water Activity

June 01, 1973

https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article-abstract/84/6/2043/201411/Antarctic-Late-Cenozoic-Glaciation-Evidence-for

___________________________


Antarctica as an evolutionary arena during the Cenozoic global cooling

June 28, 2021

https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2108886118

___________________________


Hysteresis in Cenozoic Antarctic ice-sheet variations

2004

https://www.geo.umass.edu/climate/papers2/pollard_deconto_hysteresis.pdf

___________________________



Impact of Antarctic Circumpolar Current Development on Late Paleogene Ocean Structure

27 May 2011

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1202122

___________________________



Cenozoic Antarctic cryosphere evolution: Tales from deep-sea sedimentary records

2007

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0967064507001749

___________________________


Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the Marguerite Bay area, Antarctic Peninsula, interpreted from geophysical data

 10 May 2004

https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antarctic-science/article/abs/cenozoic-tectonic-evolution-of-the-marguerite-bay-area-antarctic-peninsula-interpreted-from-geophysical-data/FC52E41EC86941FAD9DA773D9B5CF320#

___________________________


Chapter 3 - Cenozoic history of Antarctic glaciation and climate from onshore and offshore studies

2022

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128191095000086

___________________________


Deep water sedimentary processes in the Enderby Basin (East Antarctic margin) during the Cenozoic

01 July 2022

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/bre.12690

___________________________


Mapping Crustal Shear Wave Velocity Structure and Radial Anisotropy Beneath West Antarctica Using Seismic Ambient Noise

15 October 2019

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2019GC008459?sid=researcher

___________________________

The Cenozoic diversity of Antarctic Bivalves does not reflect Southern Ocean environmental changes after the Antarctic thermal isolation

2007

https://revistas.ufrj.br/index.php/oa/article/view/8057

___________________________




Reconstruction of Antarctic Cenozoic Paleoenvironments Through Palynological Analysis of Subglacial Lake and Ice Stream Sediments

2018

https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses/4721/

___________________________



Links between CO2, glaciation and water flow: reconciling the Cenozoic history of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current

2014m

https://cp.copernicus.org/articles/10/1957/2014/cp-10-1957-2014.pdf

___________________________



Sea Ice Feedback and Cenozoic Evolution of Antarctic Climate and Ice Sheets

2007

https://works.bepress.com/robert_deconto/19/

___________________________


Lithospheric Structure of the Antarctic Region Revealed by Rayleigh Wave Tomography

January 2001

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/229038987_Lithospheric_Structure_of_the_Antarctic_Region_Revealed_by_Rayleigh_Wave_Tomography

___________________________




___________________________


Multiple cenozoic invasions of Africa by penguins (Aves, Sphenisciformes)

2011 Sep 7

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3259938/

___________________________

Climate evolution in the Southeast Indian Ocean during the Miocene

July 6, 2022

https://phys.org/news/2022-07-climate-evolution-southeast-indian-ocean.html

___________________________


Antarctica Was Once Covered in Forests. We Just Found One That Fossilized.

November 15, 2017

The ancient trees were able to withstand alternating months of pure sunlight and darkness, before falling in history's greatest mass extinction.

https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/ancient-fossil-forest-found-antarctica-gondwana-spd

___________________________


THE 'LOST CITY' OF ANTARCTICA: Shock claims massive ancient civilisation lies frozen beneath mile of Antarctic ice – and could even be Atlantis

12 Dec 2016

https://www.thesun.co.uk/news/2380220/shock-claims-massive-civilisation-lies-frozen-beneath-a-mile-of-ice-in-the-south-pole/

___________________________


Frozen Ancient Civilization Discovered In Antarctica

https://newspunch.com/ancient-alien-civilization-antarctica/

___________________________







Antarctic prehistory

2020

Antarctica’s fossil record shows it was not always the icy continent we know today. Antarctica was once abundant plant and animal life.

https://www.antarctica.gov.au/about-antarctica/geography-and-geology/geology/antarctic-prehistory/

___________________________



CO2 Levels Are as High as They Were Three Million Years Ago

April 4, 2019

The last time Earth had this much carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, trees were growing at the South Pole

https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/warming-temperatures-could-transform-antarctica-plant-filled-land-green-180971880/

___________________________


‘Antarctic king’ reptile discovery sheds light on weird prehistoric South Pole

31 Jan 2019

https://www.siliconrepublic.com/innovation/antarctic-king-reptile-south-pole

___________________________


Why are Seasonal CO2 Fluctuations Strongest at Northern Latitudes?

May 7, 2013

https://keelingcurve.ucsd.edu/2013/05/07/why-are-seasonal-co2-fluctuations-strongest-in-northern-latitudes/

___________________________


The lithospheric setting of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet, edited by (2001)

https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.556.2662

___________________________


There Could Be Hundreds of Frozen Corpses Buried Beneath Antarctica's Snow and Ice

Sep 18, 2018

https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/557579/there-could-be-hundreds-frozen-corpses-buried-beneath-antarcticas-snow-and-ice

___________________________


Antarctica and supercontinent evolution: historical perspectives, recent advances and unresolved issues

https://espace.curtin.edu.au/bitstream/handle/20.500.11937/3416/193915_193915.pdf?sequence=2

___________________________


New Magnetic Anomaly Map of the Antarctic

08 June 2018

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2018GL078153

___________________________


Chemical characteristics of fluorine-bearing biotite of early Paleozoic plutonic rocks from the Sor Rondane Mountains, East Antarctica (2003)

https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.511.7041

___________________________


28 prehistoric viruses unknown to science were found in a glacial ice cores. They are thought to be around 15,000 years old.

Aug 5, 2021

https://www.businessinsider.com/28-prehistoric-viruses-unknown-science-glacier-ice-guliya-2021-8?op=1

___________________________


King Crabs Are Invading Antarctica, Thanks to Warming Oceans

9/28/15

https://www.newsweek.com/king-crabs-are-invading-antarctica-thanks-warming-oceans-377682

___________________________


Scientists Accidentally Discover Strange Creatures Under a Half Mile of Ice

2021

Researchers only drilled through an Antarctic ice shelf to sample sediment. Instead, they found animals that weren't supposed to be there.

https://www.wired.com/story/scientists-discover-strange-creatures-under-a-half-mile-of-ice/

___________________________


Life found beneath Antarctic ice sheet 'shouldn't be there'

https://www.newscientist.com/article/2267737-life-found-beneath-antarctic-ice-sheet-shouldnt-be-there/

___________________________



Antarctic wind vortex is strongest for 1000 years

11 May 2014

https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn25547-antarctic-wind-vortex-is-strongest-for-1000-years/

___________________________


Antarctic ice shows Australia’s drought and flood risk is worse than thought

2016

https://theconversation.com/antarctic-ice-shows-australias-drought-and-flood-risk-is-worse-than-thought-59165

___________________________


Antarctic ice shows Australia’s drought and flood risk is worse than thought

May 10, 2016

https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn3970-pirates-put-antarctic-sea-life-in-peril/

___________________________



Flower growth in Antarctica is accelerating due to warming climate

14 February 2022

There are only two flowering plants native to Antarctica and both have seen an explosion in their numbers in the decade from 2009 to 2019

https://www.newscientist.com/article/2308214-flower-growth-in-antarctica-is-accelerating-due-to-warming-climate/

___________________________


ANDRILL Research and Publications

https://digitalcommons.unl.edu/andrillrespub/48/

___________________________



Ellsworth mountains: Position in West Antarctica due to sea-floor spreading

January 1, 1969

https://www.usgs.gov/publications/ellsworth-mountains-position-west-antarctica-due-sea-floor-spreading

___________________________




Scientists Found the Deepest Land on Earth Hiding Beneath Antarctica's Ice

December 13, 2019

A new mapping effort revealed critical new details of Antarctica's hidden land.

https://www.livescience.com/new-anatarctica-map-climate-change.html

___________________________





The World's Largest Deserts

A map showing the generalized location of Earth's ten largest deserts and a table of over 20 major deserts.

https://geology.com/records/largest-desert.shtml

___________________________


Antarctica Pyramid May Hold Clues To Icy Atlantis, A Forgotten Prehistoric Civilization

https://aubtu.biz/62564/

___________________________


Tectonics of the Antarctic

June 2019

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/334082398_Tectonics_of_the_Antarctic

___________________________


New Magnetic Anomaly Constraints on the Antarctic Crust

23 February 2022

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2021JB023329

___________________________



Antarctic ice shelf thickness change from multimission lidar mapping

2019

https://doaj.org/article/5aae4165a7004addaf4ad36e65bfd575

___________________________


Transoceanic infragravity waves impacting Antarctic ice shelves

2010

http://iodlabs.ucsd.edu/peter/pdfs/Bromirski_etal_GRL_RossIG_2010.pdf

___________________________


Oceanic controls on the mass balance of Wilkins Ice Shelf, Antarctica (2012)

2012

https://www.narcis.nl/publication/RecordID/oai%3Adspace.library.uu.nl%3A1874%2F242384

___________________________

Oceanic Controls on the Mass Balance of Wilkins Ice Shelf, Antarctica

2012

https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1016&context=ccpo_pubs

___________________________



Monitoring a Massive Antarctica Ice Collapse

March 27, 2008

https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=89140238

___________________________


Quick facts, basic science, and information about snow, ice, and why the cryosphere matters

The cryosphere includes all of the snow and ice-covered regions across the planet. Explore our scientific content about what makes up this frozen realm, its importance to Earth's people, plants and animals, and what climate change means for the cryosphere and the world at large.

https://nsidc.org/cryosphere/icelights/2021/10/what-broke-wilkins-ice-shelf

___________________________


Wilkins Ice Shelf

May 1, 2009

https://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/imagegallery/image_feature_1341.html

___________________________


Wilkins Ice Shelf, Near Antarctica, Hanging By Its Last Thread

July 10, 2008

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/07/080710115142.htm

___________________________



Antarctica: Wilkins Ice Shelf Under Threat

December 1, 2008

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2008/11/081128132029.htm

___________________________


Wilkins Ice Shelf on verge of collapse

2009

https://www.antarctica.gov.au/magazine/issue-16-2009/science/wilkins-ice-shelf-on-verge-of-collapse/

___________________________



The 'Unstable' West Antarctic Ice Sheet: A Primer

May 12, 2014

https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/the-unstable-west-antarctic-ice-sheet-a-primer

___________________________

West Antarctic Ice Sheet

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/West_Antarctic_Ice_Sheet

The Western Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) is the segment of the continental ice sheet that covers West Antarctica, the portion of Antarctica on the side of the Transantarctic Mountains that lies in the Western Hemisphere. The WAIS is classified as a marine-based ice sheet, meaning that its bed lies well below sea level and its edges flow into floating ice shelves. The WAIS is bounded by the Ross Ice Shelf, the Ronne Ice Shelf, and outlet glaciers that drain into the Amundsen Sea.

___________________________





Extreme Melt on Antarctica’s George VI Ice Shelf

February 25, 2021

https://landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov/article/extreme-melt-on-antarcticas-george-vi-ice-shelf/

___________________________


George VI Ice Shelf Projects

https://people.climate.columbia.edu/projects/showlocation/George%20VI%20Ice%20Shelf

___________________________


George VI Ice Shelf: past history, present behaviour and potential mechanisms for future collapse

28 February 2007

https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antarctic-science/article/abs/george-vi-ice-shelf-past-history-present-behaviour-and-potential-mechanisms-for-future-collapse/FCE44A5C6B4F0C4650E240EB6C4D1904

___________________________


George VI Ice Shelf

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_VI_Ice_Shelf

___________________________


Widespread Melt on the George VI Ice Shelf

January 23, 2020

https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/146189/widespread-melt-on-the-george-vi-ice-shelf

___________________________


Ice-dammed lateral lake and epishelf lake insights into Holocene dynamics of Marguerite Trough Ice Stream and George VI Ice Shelf, Alexander Island, Antarctic Peninsula

2017

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277379117304651

___________________________


Studying Ice Shelf (In)Stability in Antarctica with BlinkX

July 23, 2019

https://cam-do.com/blogs/camdo-blog/studying-ice-shelf-instability-in-antarctica-with-blinkx

___________________________


The Holocene history of George VI Ice Shelf, Antarctic Peninsula from clast-provenance analysis of epishelf lake sediments

2007

http://eprints.gla.ac.uk/7274/

___________________________


Epishelf lakes

https://www.antarcticglaciers.org/glacier-processes/glacial-lakes/epishelf-lakes/

___________________________




___________________________


Traveling supraglacial lakes on George VI Ice Shelf, Antarctica

2011

https://www.deepdyve.com/lp/wiley/traveling-supraglacial-lakes-on-george-vi-ice-shelf-antarctica-uCIElAcW9x

___________________________


Circulation and melting beneath George VI Ice Shelf, Antarctica

https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.575.8213

___________________________

Validation of the basal stress boundary utilizing Satellite Imagery along the George VI Ice Shelf, Antarctica

2014

http://nia.ecsu.edu/reuomps2014/teams/antarctica/IEEE_USltr_format.pdf

___________________________

Borehole data from George VI Ice Shelf

2021-12-10

https://data.bas.ac.uk/metadata.php?id=GB/NERC/BAS/PDC/01590

___________________________

Antarctic ice-sheet loss driven by basal melting of ice shelves

25 April 2012

https://www.nature.com/articles/nature10968/

___________________________


The Amundsen Sea and the Antarctic Ice Sheet

October 2, 2015

https://www.tos.org/oceanography/article/the-amundsen-sea-and-the-antarctic-ice-sheet

___________________________





World's biggest iceberg that broke off from Antarctica two years ago has travelled more than 155 miles towards South Georgia after a 270° spin

2019

    Glacier expert Adrian Luckman from Swansea University published an animation of the glacier's movements  
    It is roughly the size of Delaware, four times the size of Greater London and has twice the water of Lake Erie
    The iceberg is 100 miles (160 km) in length yet only 656 ft (200 m) thick - a similar ratio to a credit card


https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-7240387/Worlds-biggest-iceberg-270-spin.html

___________________________


Iceberg C-39 Has Calved From the Scott Glacier area of the Shackleton Ice Shelf

April 25, 2022

https://usicecenter.gov/PressRelease/IcebergC39

___________________________


Distribution and seasonal evolution of supraglacial lakes on Shackleton Ice Shelf, East Antarctica

18 Nov 2020

https://tc.copernicus.org/articles/14/4103/2020/

___________________________



Shackleton Ice Shelf

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shackleton_Ice_Shelf

___________________________


Henderson Island (Shackleton Ice Shelf)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henderson_Island_(Shackleton_Ice_Shelf)

___________________________


Extraordinary 1915 Photos from Ernest Shackleton’s Disastrous Antarctic Expedition

Nov 19, 2020

https://www.history.com/news/shackleton-endurance-expedition-antarctica-photos

___________________________


Endurance: Explorer Shackleton’s ship found after a century

March 11, 2022

https://apnews.com/article/ernest-shackleton-endurance-ship-found-antarctic-4906562ce1c9d27ec472f628709073a8

___________________________


Supervised classification of slush and ponded water on Antarctic ice shelves using Landsat 8 imagery – CORRIGENDUM

04 April 2022

https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-glaciology/article/supervised-classification-of-slush-and-ponded-water-on-antarctic-ice-shelves-using-landsat-8-imagery-corrigendum/3C92B6FCA3D3B80B9296FB0C6A29DE99

___________________________


Automated Extraction of Antarctic Glacier and Ice Shelf Fronts from Sentinel-1 Imagery Using Deep Learning

2019

https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/11/21/2529/htm

___________________________


Large interannual variability in supraglacial lakes around East Antarctica

31 March 2022

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-022-29385-3

___________________________


Warmer summers and meltwater lakes are threatening the fringes of the world's largest ice sheet

March 31, 2022

https://phys.org/news/2022-03-warmer-summers-meltwater-lakes-threatening.html

___________________________


NASA eyes colossal cracks in ice shelf near Antarctic station

Feb. 20, 2019

The Brunt ice shelf is preparing to unleash an iceberg twice the size of New York City.

https://www.cnet.com/science/nasa-eyes-colossal-cracks-in-ice-shelf-near-antarctic-station/

___________________________


The Denman Glacier and Shackleton Ice Shelf

2020

https://climatestate.com/2020/08/01/the-denman-glacier-and-shackleton-ice-shelf/

___________________________

How is an ice shelf different from an ice sheet?

According to Wikipedia, ice sheets are bigger than ice shelves. Additionally, ice shelves float on water, while ice sheets cover terrain.

https://www.answers.com/earth-science/How_is_an_ice_shelf_different_from_an_ice_sheet

___________________________


Quantifying vulnerability of Antarctic ice shelves to hydrofracture using microwave scattering properties

2018

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0034425718301263

___________________________


Recent understanding of Antarctic supraglacial lakes using satellite remote sensing

May 19, 2020

https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0309133320916114

___________________________


Elephant seals help uncover slower-than-expected Antarctic melting

June 21, 2012

https://phys.org/news/2012-06-elephant-uncover-slower-than-expected-antarctic.html

___________________________


Localised thickening and grounding of an Antarctic ice shelf from tidal triggering and sizing of cryoseismicity

2018

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0012821X18305636

___________________________


Recent climate tendencies on an East Antarctic ice shelf inferred from a shallow firn core network

2014 Jun 11

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25821663/

___________________________


The 10 Largest Icebergs Ever in Recorded History

https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-10-largest-icebergs-ever.html

___________________________



Slessor Glacier

https://atozwiki.com/Slessor_Glacier

The Slessor Glacier is a glacier at least 140 km (75 nmi) long and 90 km (50 nmi) wide, flowing west into the Filchner Ice Shelf to the north of the Shackleton Range. First seen from the air and mapped by the Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition (CTAE) in 1956. Named by the CTAE for RAF Marshal Sir John Slessor, chairman of the expedition committee.

___________________________


Antarctic Ice Shelf, Almost as Big as Los Angeles, Completely Collapses

March 24, 2022

"The Conger ice shelf was there and then suddenly it was gone."

https://www.cnet.com/science/climate/antarctic-ice-shelf-almost-as-big-as-los-angeles-completely-collapses/

___________________________



Variability of sea salts in ice and firn cores from Fimbul Ice Shelf, Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica

1994

https://doaj.org/article/be3c22e7d8b44798bed3851ac73c8a84

___________________________


Surface mass balance on Fimbul ice shelf, East Antarctica: Comparison of field measurements and large-scale studies

2013

http://elisabeth-schlosser.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/sinisaloetal_JGR2013.pdf

___________________________

Thermohaline structure and circulation beneath the Langhovde Glacier ice shelf in East Antarctica

2021 Jul 9

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8270922/

___________________________


Fimbul Ice Shelf

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fimbul_Ice_Shelf

The Fimbul Ice Shelf is an Antarctic ice shelf about 200 km (120 mi) long and 100 km (60 mi) wide, nourished by Jutulstraumen Glacier, bordering the coast of Queen Maud Land from 3°W to 3°E. It was photographed from the air by the Third German Antarctic Expedition (1938–1939), mapped by Norwegian cartographers from surveys and air photos by the Norwegian–British–Swedish Antarctic Expedition (1949–1952) and from air photos by the Norwegian expedition (1958–1959) and named Fimbulisen (the giant ice).

___________________________

Iceberg D-31 Calves from the Eastern Fimbul Ice Shelf

January 28, 2022

https://usicecenter.gov/PressRelease/IcebergD31

___________________________



Eddy-resolving simulations of the Fimbul Ice Shelf cavity circulation: Basal melting and exchange with open ocean

2014

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1463500314000948

___________________________


Two years of oceanic observations below the Fimbul Ice Shelf, Antarctica

22 June 2012

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2012GL051012

___________________________


The evolution of the western rift area of the Fimbul Ice Shelf, Antarctica

24 Oct 2011

https://tc.copernicus.org/articles/5/931/2011/

___________________________

Variability of sea salts in ice and firn cores from Fimbul Ice Shelf, Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica

2018

https://tc.copernicus.org/articles/12/1681/2018/

___________________________

Sub-ice shelf circulation and basal melting of the Fimbul Ice Shelf

May 2010

https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010EGUGA..12.9600N/abstract

___________________________

Arctic Trucks Found a New Route Across Antarctica

May 11, 2017

Almost 1000 miles across crevasses and an unexpected amount of ice melt to find a new way to drive along the Fimbul ice shelf.

https://www.roadandtrack.com/car-culture/travel/g6964/new-route-antartica/

___________________________

Depth-related changes to density, diversity and structure of benthic megafaunal assemblages in the Fimbul ice shelf region, Weddell Sea, Antarctica

18 July 2007

 

The depth-related patterns in the benthic megafauna of the NE Weddell Sea shelf at the edge of the Fimbul Ice Shelf were investigated at seven sites using towed camera platform photographs. Megafaunal density decreased with depth from 77,939 ha⁻¹ at 245 m to 8,895 ha⁻¹ at 510 m. While diversity was variable, with H′ ranging between 1.34 and 2.28, there were no depth related patterns. Multivariate analyses revealed two distinct assemblages; a shallow assemblage with dense patches of suspension feeders in undisturbed areas and a deep assemblage where these were not present. Disturbance from icebergs explained many observed patterns in faunal distribution. In shallow waters probable effects of disturbance were observed as changes in successional stages; in deeper waters changes in habitat as a result of past disturbance explained faunal distributions. In deeper areas ice ploughing created a mosaic landscape of fine and coarse sediments. Total megafaunal density was highest in areas of coarse sediment (up to 2.9 higher than in finer sediment areas) but diversity was highest in intermediate areas (H′ = 2.35).

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00300-007-0319-6

___________________________


Jutulstraumen Glacier

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jutulstraumen_Glacier

Jutulstraumen Glacier is a large glacier in Queen Maud Land, Antarctica, about 120 nautical miles (220 km) long, draining northward to the Fimbul Ice Shelf between the Kirwan Escarpment, Borg Massif and Ahlmann Ridge on the west and the Sverdrup Mountains on the east. It was mapped by Norwegian cartographers from surveys and air photos by the Norwegian–British–Swedish Antarctic Expedition (1949–52) and air photos by the Norwegian expedition (1958–59) and named Jutulstraumen (the giant's stream). More specifically jutulen are troll-like figures from Norwegian folk tales. The ice stream reaches speeds of around 4 metres per day near the coast where it is heavily crevassed.

___________________________


Dinoflagellates in a fast-ice covered inlet of the Riiser-Larsen Ice Shelf (Weddell Sea)

2009

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/225136630_Dinoflagellates_in_a_fast-ice_covered_inlet_of_the_Riiser-Larsen_Ice_Shelf_Weddell_Sea

___________________________


Marine and non-marine contribution to the chemical composition of snow at the Riiser-Larsenisen Ice Shelf in Antarctica

1984

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0004698184902671

___________________________


Riiser-Larsen Sea

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Riiser-Larsen_Sea

The Riiser-Larsen Sea is one of the marginal seas located in the Southern Ocean off East Antarctica and south of the Indian Ocean. It is delimited Astrid Ridge in the west and the Gunnerus Ridge and the Kainanmaru Bank in the east. It is bordered by the Lazarev Sea to the west and the Cosmonauts Sea to the east, or between 14°E and 30°E. Its northern border is defined to be the 65th parallel south. The name, proposed by the Soviet Union, was never officially approved by the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO).

To the south of this area lies the Princess Astrid Coast and Princess Ragnhild Coast of Queen Maud Land. In the western part is the Lazarev Ice Shelf, and further east are Erskine Iceport and Godel Iceport, and the former Belgian Roi-Baudouin Station.

___________________________



Numerical simulations of major ice streams in Western Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica, under wet and dry basal conditions

2017

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/258624993_Numerical_simulations_of_major_ice_streams_in_Western_Dronning_Maud_Land_Antarctica_under_wet_and_dry_basal_conditions

___________________________


Dinoflagellates in a fast-ice covered inlet of the Riiser-Larsen Ice Shelf (Weddell Sea)

24 April 2009

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00300-009-0630-5

___________________________


Aeromagnetic reconnaissance over the Riiser-Larsen Ice Shelf, east Antarctica

1988

https://www.academia.edu/22470580/Aeromagnetic_reconnaissance_over_the_Riiser_Larsen_Ice_Shelf_east_Antarctica

___________________________


Larsen Ice Shelf

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Larsen_Ice_Shelf

The Larsen Ice Shelf is a long ice shelf in the northwest part of the Weddell Sea, extending along the east coast of the Antarctic Peninsula[1] from Cape Longing to Smith Peninsula. It is named after Captain Carl Anton Larsen, the master of the Norwegian whaling vessel Jason, who sailed along the ice front as far as 68°10' South during December 1893.[2] In finer detail, the Larsen Ice Shelf is a series of shelves that occupy (or occupied) distinct embayments along the coast. From north to south, the segments are called Larsen A (the smallest), Larsen B, and Larsen C (the largest) by researchers who work in the area.[3] Further south, Larsen D and the much smaller Larsen E, F and G are also named.[4]

The breakup of the ice shelf since the mid-1990s has been widely reported,[5] with the collapse of Larsen B in 2002 being particularly dramatic. A large section of the Larsen C shelf broke away in July 2017 to form an iceberg known as A-68.[6]

The ice shelf originally covered an area of 85,000 square kilometres (33,000 sq mi), but following the disintegration in the north and the break away of iceberg A-17, it now covers an area of 67,000 square kilometres (26,000 sq mi).

___________________________


World of Change: Collapse of the Larsen-B Ice Shelf

https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/world-of-change/LarsenB

___________________________







In Photos: Antarctica's Larsen C Ice Shelf Through Time

July 12, 2017

https://www.livescience.com/59650-photos-antarctica-larsen-c-ice-shelf.html

___________________________


Study suggests Larsen A and B ice shelves collapsed due to atmospheric rivers

April 15, 2022

A team of researchers affiliated with multiple institutions across Europe has found evidence that suggests the collapse of the Larsen A and B ice shelves was due to the arrival of atmospheric rivers. In their paper published in the journal Communications Earth and Environment, the group describes how they tracked the movement of atmospheric rivers during the time period when the ice shelves collapsed and what their work reveals about likely scenarios unfolding in Antarctica as global warming continues.

Ice shelves form when ice from glaciers meet the sea, and instead of breaking, they float on top of the ocean. Prior research has suggested that as global warming continues, ice shelves have begun to breakup. And while such breakups do not contribute to a rise in ocean levels, their loss does allow the glaciers that spawned them to flow unimpeded into the sea, which does raise sea levels. Prior research has also shown that one of the major reasons for ice shelf break up is the flow of warmer water beneath them. In this new effort, the researchers have found that atmospheric rivers are also very likely a contributing factor.

Atmospheric rivers, as their name suggests, are currents of air that have different properties than the air around them. In most cases, they are warmer and thus carry more moisture. To learn more about the possible impact of atmospheric rivers when they flow into the Antarctic region, the researchers used a variety of tools, including a computer algorithm developed specifically to detect atmospheric rivers, and climate models and imagery captured by satellites. By identifying and following the paths of atmospheric rivers as they arrived at Antarctica, they found that one arrived in 1995 just before the collapse of Larsen A, and another arrived in 2002 just before the collapse of Larsen B.

https://phys.org/news/2022-04-larsen-ice-shelves-collapsed-due.html

___________________________


NASA Study Shows Antarctica’s Larsen B Ice Shelf Nearing Its Final Act

May 14, 2015

https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-study-shows-antarctica-s-larsen-b-ice-shelf-nearing-its-final-act

___________________________


What is Larsen C?

https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-is-larcen-c.html

___________________________


Researchers identify biggest threats to Larsen C ice shelf

April 14, 2022

https://phys.org/news/2022-04-biggest-threats-larsen-ice-shelf.html

___________________________

Antarctica’s Larsen C ice shelf finally breaks, releases giant iceberg

Jul 12, 2017

https://www.pbs.org/newshour/science/antarcticas-larsen-c-ice-shelf-finally-breaks-releases-giant-iceberg

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Behold the collapsing beauty of Antarctica's Larsen Ice Shelf

February 8, 2017

https://www.cbsnews.com/news/antarcticas-larsen-ice-shelf-collapsing/

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Rapid Collapse of Northern Larsen Ice Shelf, Antarctica

9 Feb 1996

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.271.5250.788

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A Severe Foehn Storm disintegrated in a couple of days 400 square kilometers of Antarctica’s Larsen B Ice shelf giving now a free way to land ice

06/02/2022

https://www.severe-weather.eu/global-weather/severe-foehn-storm-collapsed-400-square-kilometers-antarctica-larsenb-ice-shelf-rrc/

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Rift in Antarctica's Larsen C Ice Shelf

Dec 1, 2016

On Nov. 10, 2016, scientists on NASA's IceBridge mission photographed an oblique view of a massive rift in the Antarctic Peninsula's Larsen C ice shelf. Icebridge, an airborne survey of polar ice, completed an eighth consecutive Antarctic deployment on Nov. 18.

Ice shelves are the floating parts of ice streams and glaciers, and they buttress the grounded ice behind them; when ice shelves collapse, the ice behind accelerates toward the ocean, where it then adds to sea level rise. Larsen C neighbors a smaller ice shelf that disintegrated in 2002 after developing a rift similar to the one now growing in Larsen C.

The IceBridge scientists measured the Larsen C fracture to be about 70 miles long, more than 300 feet wide and about a third of a mile deep. The crack completely cuts through the ice shelf but it does not go all the way across it – once it does, it will produce an iceberg roughly the size of the state of Delaware.

The mission of Operation IceBridge is to collect data on changing polar land and sea ice and maintain continuity of measurements between NASA's Ice, Cloud and Land Elevation Satellite (ICESat) missions. The original ICESat mission ended in 2009, and its successor, ICESat-2, is scheduled for launch in 2018. Operation IceBridge, which began in 2009, is currently funded until 2019. The planned overlap with ICESat-2 will help scientists validate the satellite’s measurements.

https://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/rift-in-antarcticas-larsen-c-ice-shelf

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Larsen C Ice Shelf Calves Large Iceberg

September 9, 2016

https://www.nesdis.noaa.gov/news/larsen-c-ice-shelf-calves-large-iceberg

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Antarctic ice-shelf advance driven by anomalous atmospheric and sea-ice circulation

05 May 2022

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41561-022-00938-x

___________________________


The Larsen C Ice Shelf growing rift

19/06/2017

https://www.antarcticglaciers.org/2017/06/larsen-c-ice-rift/

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Demise of Antarctic Ice Shelf Reveals New Life

A research expedition to the site of the former Larsen B ice shelf leads to the discovery of an underwater habitat surviving in the most extreme conditions

July 26, 2007


https://beta.nsf.gov/news/demise-antarctic-ice-shelf-reveals-new-life

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Physical processes controlling the rifting of Larsen C Ice Shelf, Antarctica, prior to the calving of iceberg A68

September 27, 2021

https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2105080118

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Delaware Sized Iceberg Splits Off from Antarctica’s Larsen C Ice Shelf

July 12, 2017

https://scitechdaily.com/delaware-sized-iceberg-splits-off-from-antarcticas-larsen-c-ice-shelf/

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Guest post: Ranking the reasons why the Larsen C ice shelf is melting

 14 April 2022

https://www.carbonbrief.org/guest-post-ranking-the-reasons-why-the-larsen-c-ice-shelf-is-melting/

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Giant Antarctic Ice Shelf Crack Threatens to Become a Massive Iceberg

February 21, 2017

https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/giant-antarctic-ice-shelf-crack-threatens-to-become-a-massive-iceberg/

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Antarctica's Larsen B sea ice embayment has disintegrated. Land ice will empty soon.

February 04, 2022

https://www.dailykos.com/stories/2022/2/4/2078485/-Antarctica-s-Larsen-B-sea-ice-embayment-has-disintegrated-Land-ice-will-be-emptying-soon

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Massive crack in Antarctica’s Larsen C ice shelf is widening

August 23, 2016

https://www.digitaljournal.com/world/massive-crack-in-antarctica-s-larsen-c-ice-shelf-is-widening/article/473080

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Community dynamics of nematodes after Larsen ice‐shelf collapse in the eastern Antarctic Peninsula

2015 Dec 29

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4716525/

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Labile organic carbon dynamics in continental shelf sediments after the recent collapse of the Larsen ice shelves off the eastern Antarctic Peninsula: A radiochemical approach

2018

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0016703718304393

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British Antarctic Survey model ranks biggest threats to Larsen C ice shelf

April 22, 2022

https://www.meteorologicaltechnologyinternational.com/news/polar-weather/british-antarctic-survey-model-ranks-biggest-threats-to-larsen-c-ice-shelf.html

___________________________


Retrieve Ice Velocities and Invert Spatial Rigidity of the Larsen C Ice Shelf Based on Sentinel-1 Interferometric Data

17 June 2021

https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/12/2361

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Filchner–Ronne Ice Shelf

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filchner%E2%80%93Ronne_Ice_Shelf

The Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf, also known as Ronne-Filchner Ice Shelf, is an Antarctic ice shelf bordering the Weddell Sea.

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Observed vulnerability of Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf to wind-driven inflow of warm deep water

02 August 2016

https://www.nature.com/articles/ncomms12300

___________________________


Tidal influences on a future evolution of the Filchner–Ronne Ice Shelf cavity in the Weddell Sea, Antarctica

06 Feb 2018

https://tc.copernicus.org/articles/12/453/2018/

___________________________


Irreversible ocean warming threatens the Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf

May 11, 2017

https://phys.org/news/2017-05-irreversible-ocean-threatens-filchner-ronne-ice.html

___________________________


Observed interannual changes beneath Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf linked to large-scale atmospheric circulation

20 May 2021

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34016971/

___________________________


Remote Control of Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf Melt Rates by the Antarctic Slope Current

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2020JC016550

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Validity of the Ice Shelf Water plume concept under Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf

2006

http://www.ccpo.odu.edu/~klinck/Reprints/PDF/hollandFRISP2006.pdf

___________________________


A model study of ocean circulation beneath Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf, Antarctica: Implications for bottom water formation

2002

https://nyuscholars.nyu.edu/en/publications/a-model-study-of-ocean-circulation-beneath-filchner-ronne-ice-she

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Ice-shelf dynamics near the front of the Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf, Antarctica, revealed by SAR interferometry

1998

https://escholarship.org/uc/item/9728p0rs

___________________________


Evidence for a dynamic grounding line in outer Filchner Trough, Antarctica, until the early Holocene

October 02, 2017

https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/geology/article-abstract/45/11/1035/516671/Evidence-for-a-dynamic-grounding-line-in-outer?redirectedFrom=fulltext

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New Antarctic ice shelf threatened by warming

May 9, 2012

https://www.reuters.com/article/us-antarctica-global-warming-idUSBRE84811E20120509

___________________________

Unprecedented strong Modified Warm Deep Water flow towards Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf in 2017

2019

https://epic.awi.de/id/eprint/49519/

___________________________


Sediment Patterns in the Southern Weddell Sea: Filchner Shelf and Filchner Depression

1990

https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-009-2029-3_21

___________________________

Tidally induced increases in melting of Amundsen Sea ice shelves

2013

http://www.ccpo.odu.edu/~klinck/Reprints/PDF/robertsonJGR2013.pdf

___________________________


Thermal structure of the Amery Ice Shelf from borehole observations and simulations

2022

https://tc.copernicus.org/articles/16/1221/2022/

___________________________


Ambient noise correlation on the Amery Ice Shelf, East Antarctica

21 December 2013

https://academic.oup.com/gji/article/196/3/1796/584808?login=false

___________________________


Characterization of ice shelf fracture features using ICESat-2 – A case study over the Amery Ice Shelf

2020

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0034425720306398

___________________________


Modeling the basal melting and marine ice accretion of the Amery Ice Shelf

26 September 2012

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2012JC008214

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Bathymetry Beneath the Amery Ice Shelf, East Antarctica, Revealed by Airborne Gravity

2021

https://par.nsf.gov/biblio/10332866-bathymetry-beneath-amery-ice-shelf-east-antarctica-revealed-airborne-gravity

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The 'Loose Tooth' of the Amery Ice Shelf

Oct 18, 2019

https://www.sciencetimes.com/articles/23949/20191018/the-loose-tooth-of-the-amery-ice-shelf.htm

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Antarctic Avery Ice Shelf “Prograding Considerably In Last 2 Decades”, Team Of Scientists Find

May 6, 2020

https://www.climatedepot.com/2020/05/06/study-antarctic-amery-ice-shelf-grew-considerably-over-last-20-years/

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Recent and imminent calving events do little to impair Amery ice shelf’s stability

0 June 2020

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13131-020-1600-6

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Atmospheric extremes caused high oceanward sea surface slope triggering the biggest calving event in more than 50 years at the Amery Ice Shelf

2021

https://tc.copernicus.org/articles/15/2147/2021/

___________________________


Rapid Formation of an Ice Doline on Amery Ice Shelf, East Antarctica

2021 Jul 14

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34433993/

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Amery Ice Shelf: Increase by 24% by 2021

June 5, 2020

https://www.gktoday.in/topic/amery-ice-shelf-increase-by-24-by-2021/

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Amery Ice Shelf

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amery_Ice_Shelf

The Amery Ice Shelf is a broad ice shelf in Antarctica at the head of Prydz Bay between the Lars Christensen Coast and Ingrid Christensen Coast. It is part of Mac. Robertson Land. The name "Cape Amery" was applied to a coastal angle mapped on 11 February 1931 by the British Australian New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition (BANZARE) under Douglas Mawson. He named it for William Bankes Amery, a civil servant who represented the United Kingdom government in Australia (1925–28). The Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names interpreted this feature to be a portion of an ice shelf and, in 1947, applied the name Amery to the whole shelf.

In 2001 two holes were drilled through the ice shelf by scientists from the Australian Antarctic Division and specially designed seabed sampling and photographic equipment was lowered to the underlying seabed. By studying the fossil composition of sediment samples recovered, scientists have inferred that a major retreat of the Amery Ice Shelf to at least 80 km landward of its present location may have occurred during the mid-Holocene climatic optimum (about 5,700 years ago).[1]

In December 2006, it was reported by the Australian Broadcasting Corporation that Australian scientists were heading to the Amery Ice Shelf to investigate enormous cracks that had been forming for over a decade at a rate of three to five metres a day. Scientists wanted to discover what was causing the cracks, as there has not been similar activity since the 1960s. However, the head of research stated that it is too early to attribute the cause to global warming as there is the possibility of a natural 50-60 year cycle being responsible.

Lambert Glacier flows from Lambert Graben into the Amery Ice Shelf on the southwest side of Prydz Bay.

The Amery Basin (68°15′S 74°30′E) is an undersea basin north of the Amery Ice Shelf.

The Chinese Antarctic Zhongshan Station and Russian Progress Station are located near this ice shelf.

The Amery Ice Shelf is the third largest ice shelf in Antarctica, after the Ross Ice Shelf and the Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf.

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The slow-growing tooth of the Amery Ice Shelf from 2004 to 2012

1 July 2013

https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/The-slow-growing-tooth-of-the-Amery-Ice-Shelf-from-Zhao-Cheng/e413ccabeb565f6ef6ae14a1ef012cb45d0347eb

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Mass budgets of the Lambert, Mellor and Fisher glaciers and basal fluxes beneath their flowbands on Amery Ice Shelf

2019

https://asf.alaska.edu/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/wen_amery_massbudget.pdf

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DYNAMICS OF SURFACE MELTING OVER AMERY AND ROSS ICE SHELF IN ANTARCTIC USING OSCAT DATA

2014

https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/6c48/ea1efc6977dfdbcb6ddc556ecc0db18c60e7.pdf

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Late Quaternary dynamics of the Lambert Glacier-Amery Ice Shelf system, East Antarctica
 
2020

https://dspace.library.uu.nl/handle/1874/410725

___________________________


History of benthic colonisation beneath the Amery Ice Shelf, East Antarctica

2007

https://www.int-res.com/abstracts/meps/v344/p29-37/

___________________________


Modern sedimentation, circulation and life beneath the Amery Ice Shelf, East Antarctica

2014

https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/398664/

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The cavity under the Amery Ice Shelf, East Antarctica

31 December 2007

https://core.ac.uk/display/33313910

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Antarctic Avery Ice Shelf “Prograding Considerably In Last 2 Decades”, Team Of Scientists Find

6. May 2020

https://notrickszone.com/2020/05/06/antarctic-avery-ice-shelf-prograding-considerably-in-last-2-decades-team-of-scientists-find/

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Mass balance reassessment of glaciers draining into the Abbot and Getz Ice Shelves of West Antarctica

2017

https://dspace.library.uu.nl/handle/1874/353399

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Detailed Bathymetry of the Continental Shelf Beneath the Getz Ice Shelf, West Antarctica

https://academiccommons.columbia.edu/doi/10.7916/vsm2-sm46

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Getz Ice Shelf melt enhanced by freshwater discharge from beneath the West Antarctic Ice Sheet

27 Apr 2020

https://tc.copernicus.org/articles/14/1399/2020/

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Getz Ice Shelf, West Antarctica: Little glacier speed increase despite basal ice shelf melting

December 2013

https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2013AGUFM.C21E..05A/abstract

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Year by Year, Line by Line, We Build an Image of Getz Ice Shelf

November 6, 2016

https://news.climate.columbia.edu/2016/11/06/year-by-year-line-by-line-we-build-an-image-of-getz-ice-shelf/

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Widespread increase in dynamic imbalance in the Getz region of Antarctica from 1994 to 2018

23 February 2021

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-21321-1

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Ice front blocking of ocean heat transport to an Antarctic ice shelf

26 February 2020

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2014-5/

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Larsen Ice Shelf

The Larsen Ice Shelf is a long, fringing ice shelf in the northwest part of the Weddell Sea, extending along the east coast of Antarctic Peninsula from Cape Longing to the area just southward of Hearst Island.

https://www.sciencedaily.com/terms/larsen_ice_shelf.htm

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Ronne Ice Shelf

https://www.thefreedictionary.com/Ronne+Ice+Shelf

___________________________

Intermittent reduction in ocean heat transport into the Getz Ice Shelf cavity during strong wind events

https://presentations.copernicus.org/EGU21/EGU21-5948_presentation.pdf

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Seasonal variability of ocean circulation near the Dotson Ice Shelf, Antarctica

https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-152149/v1

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One-third of Antarctic ice shelf area at risk of collapse as planet warms

Fractures from melting and run-off will indirectly lead to sea level rise

    April 8, 2021

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2021/04/210408112315.htm


-


Sea ice can control Antarctic ice sheet stability, new research finds

    May 12, 2022

Summary: Despite the rapid melting of ice in many parts of Antarctica during the second half of the 20th century, researchers have found that the floating ice shelves which skirt the eastern Antarctic Peninsula have undergone sustained advance over the past 20 years.

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2022/05/220512210525.htm

-



Antarctic ice cliffs may not contribute to sea-level rise as much as predicted

Study finds even the tallest ice cliffs should support their own weight rather than collapsing catastrophically

    October 21, 2019

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/10/191021135025.htm

-



Strong tides, vanishing lakes may prove beneficial to Antarctic ice shelf

April 19, 2022

https://phys.org/news/2022-04-strong-tides-lakes-beneficial-antarctic.html

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NASA's ICESat-2 satellite reveals shape, depth of Antarctic ice shelf fractures

    March 4, 2021

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2021/03/210304125333.htm


-

Korff Ice Rise

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Korff_Ice_Rise

Korff Ice Rise is an ice rise, 80 nautical miles (150 km) long and 20 nautical miles (40 km) wide, lying 50 nautical miles (90 km) east-northeast of Skytrain Ice Rise in the southwestern part of the Ronne Ice Shelf, Antarctica. It was discovered by the US–IGY Ellsworth Traverse Party, 1957–58, and named by the party for Professor Serge A. Korff,[1] vice chairman of the cosmic ray technical panel, U.S. National Committee for the International Geophysical Year, 1957–59.[2] Radar surveying in 2013-2015 by a team from the British Antarctic Survey found the ice to be up to around 600 metres (2,000 ft) thick and found evidence that the Raymond Effect was operating beneath the ice divide.

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The Dynamics of the Late Neogene Antarctic Ice Sheets in the Central Ross Sea using a Multianalytical Approach

2022

https://scholarworks.iupui.edu/handle/1805/29480?locale-attribute=en

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List of Antarctic ice shelves

https://wiki2.org/en/List_of_Antarctic_ice_shelves

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List of Antarctic ice streams

https://wiki2.org/en/List_of_Antarctic_ice_streams

-

List of glaciers in the Antarctic

https://wiki2.org/en/List_of_glaciers_in_the_Antarctic

-


Retreat of glaciers since 1850

https://wiki2.org/en/Retreat_of_glaciers_since_1850


-


Ice front blocking of ocean heat transport to an Antarctic ice shelf

2020

https://researchportal.northumbria.ac.uk/en/publications/ice-front-blocking-of-ocean-heat-transport-to-an-antarctic-ice-sh

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Antarctic ice walls protect glaciers from warm ocean water

27 Feb 2020

https://www.breitbart.com/news/antarctic-ice-walls-protect-glaciers-from-warm-ocean-water/

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Heat-transfer analysis of the basal melting of antarctic ice shelves

1993

https://www.academia.edu/14021224/Heat_transfer_analysis_of_the_basal_melting_of_antarctic_ice_shelves

___________________________


Ice shelf basal melting in a global finite-element sea ice/ice shelf/ocean model

2012

https://epic.awi.de/id/eprint/24946/

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Late Quaternary ice sheet dynamics and deglaciation history of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet in the Amundsen Sea Embayment: Preliminary results from recent research cruises

2007

https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1047/ea/of2007-1047ea127.pdf

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Morphometry of bedrock meltwater channels on Antarctic inner continental shelves: Implications for channel development and subglacial hydrology

2020

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169555X20303421

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Freshening by glacial meltwater enhances melting of ice shelves and reduces formation of Antarctic Bottom Water

2018 Apr

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29675467/

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Complete List of Ice Shelves in Antarctica

https://sciencestruck.com/complete-list-of-ice-shelves-in-antarctica

___________________________



Interannual variations in meltwater input to the Southern Ocean from Antarctic ice shelves

2020 Aug 10

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7500482/

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An ice shelf is cracking in Antarctica, but not for the reason you think

January 16, 2017

https://www.mprnews.org/story/2017/01/16/npr-an-ice-shelf-is-cracking-in-antarctica-but-not-for-the-reason-you-think

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Strong El Niño Events Cause Large Changes In Antarctic Ice Shelves

January 9, 2018

https://www.eurasiareview.com/09012018-strong-el-nino-events-cause-large-changes-in-antarctic-ice-shelves/



A new study published Jan. 8 in the journal Nature Geoscience reveals that strong El Nino events can cause significant ice loss in some Antarctic ice shelves while the opposite may occur during strong La Nina events.

El Niño and La Niña are two distinct phases of the El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO), a naturally occurring phenomenon characterized by how water temperatures in the tropical Pacific periodically oscillate between warmer than average during El Niños and cooler during La Niñas.

The research, funded by NASA and the NASA Earth and Space Science Fellowship, provides new insights into how Antarctic ice shelves respond to variability in global ocean and atmospheric conditions.

The study was led by Fernando Paolo while a PhD graduate student and postdoc at Scripps Institution of Oceanography at the University of California San Diego. Paolo is now a postdoctoral scholar at NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory. Paolo and his colleagues, including Scripps glaciologist Helen Fricker, discovered that a strong El Niño event causes ice shelves in the Amundsen Sea sector of West Antarctica to gain mass at the surface and melt from below at the same time, losing up to five times more ice from basal melting than they gain from increased snowfall. The study used satellite observations of the height of the ice shelves from 1994 to 2017.

“We’ve described for the first time the effect of El Niño/Southern Oscillation on the West Antarctic ice shelves,” Paolo said. “There have been some idealized studies using models, and even some indirect observations off the ice shelves, suggesting that El Niño might significantly affect some of these shelves, but we had no actual ice-shelf observations. Now we have presented a record of 23 years of satellite data on the West Antarctic ice shelves, confirming not only that ENSO affects them at a yearly basis, but also showing how.”

The opposing effects of El Niño on ice shelves – adding mass from snowfall but taking it away through basal melt – were at first difficult to untangle from the satellite data. “The satellites measure the height of the ice shelves, not the mass, and what we saw at first is that during strong El Niños the height of the ice shelves actually increased,” Paolo said. “I was expecting to see an overall reduction in height as a consequence of mass loss, but it turns out that height increases.”

After further analysis of the data, the scientists found that although a strong El Niño changes wind patterns in West Antarctica in a way that promotes flow of warm ocean waters towards the ice shelves to increase melting from below, it also increases snowfall particularly along the Amundsen Sea sector. The team then needed to determine the contribution of the two effects. Is the atmosphere adding more mass than the ocean is taking away or is it the other way around?

“We found out that the ocean ends up winning in terms of mass. Changes in mass, rather than height, control how the ice shelves and associated glaciers flow into the ocean,” Paolo said. While mass loss by basal melting exceeds mass gain from snowfall during strong El Niño events, the opposite appears to be true during La Niña events.

Over the entire 23-year observation period, the ice shelves in the Amundsen Sea sector of Antarctica had their height reduced by 20 centimeters (8 inches) a year, for a total of 5 meters (16 feet), mostly due to ocean melting. The intense 1997-98 El Nino increased the height of these ice shelves by more than 25 centimeters (10 inches). However, the much lighter snow contains far less water than solid ice does. When the researchers took density of snow into account, they found that ice shelves lost about five times more ice by submarine melting than they gained from new surface snowpack.

“Many people look at this ice-shelf data and will fit a straight line to the data, but we’re looking at all the wiggles that go into that linear fit, and trying to understand the processes causing them,” said Fricker, who was Paolo’s PhD adviser at the time the study was conceived. “These longer satellite records are allowing us to study processes that are driving changes in the ice shelves, improving our understanding on how the grounded ice will change,” Fricker said.

“The ice shelf response to ENSO climate variability can be used as a guide to how longer-term changes in global climate might affect ice shelves around Antarctica,” said co-author Laurie Padman, an oceanographer with Earth & Space Research, a nonprofit research company based in Seattle. “The new data set will allow us to check if our ocean models can correctly represent changes in the flow of warm water under ice shelves,” he added.

Melting of the ice shelves doesn’t directly affect sea level rise, because they’re already floating. What matters for sea-level rise is the addition of ice from land into the ocean, however it’s the ice shelves that hold off the flow of grounded ice toward the ocean.

Understanding what’s causing the changes in the ice shelves “puts us a little bit closer to knowing what’s going to happen to the grounded ice, which is what will ultimately affect sea-level rise,” Fricker said. “The holy grail of all of this work is improving sea-level rise projections,” she added.


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Troughs developed in ice-stream shear margins precondition ice shelves for ocean-driven breakup

9 Oct 2019

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.aax2215

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Antarctic ice-shelf thickness changes from CryoSat-2 SARIn mode measurements: Assessment and comparison with IceBridge and ICESat

25 May 2020

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12040-020-01392-2

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'Upside-Down Rivers' of Warm Water Are Carving Antarctica to Pieces

October 10, 2019

https://www.livescience.com/antarctica-ice-shelf-upside-down-rivers.html

___________________________


Ocean-Ice Shelf Interaction in East Antarctica

2016

https://www.jstor.org/stable/24862288

___________________________

Warm surface waters increase Antarctic ice shelf melt and delay dense water formation

June 2022

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/361479637_Warm_surface_waters_increase_Antarctic_ice_shelf_melt_and_delay_dense_water_formation

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Explosive cyclones off Antarctica contribute to ice shelf calving

11 May 2021

https://www.antarctica.gov.au/news/2021/explosive-cyclones-off-antarctica-contribute-to-ice-shelf-calving/

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How a lake on an Antarctic ice shelf disappeared in three days

June 30, 2021

https://www.ctvnews.ca/climate-and-environment/how-a-lake-on-an-antarctic-ice-shelf-disappeared-in-three-days-1.5492735

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Scientists Track the Sudden Disappearance of an Antarctic Ice-Shelf Lake

June 24, 2021

https://news.climate.columbia.edu/2021/06/24/scientists-track-sudden-disappearance-of-an-antarctic-ice-shelf-lake/

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First sessile deep-sea community found on a hard substrate below Antarctic ice shelf

March 2021

https://www.accessscience.com/content/first-sessile-deep-sea-community-found-on-a-hard-substrate-below-antarctic-ice-shelf/BR0315211

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Ocean-driven thinning enhances iceberg calving and retreat of Antarctic ice shelves

March 2, 2015

https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.1415137112

___________________________


Scientists accidentally find life beneath ice shelves in the Antarctic

2021

https://news.sky.com/story/scientists-accidentally-find-life-beneath-ice-shelves-in-the-antarctic-12218906

___________________________

Clouds drive differences in future surface melt over the Antarctic ice shelves

07 Jul 2022

https://tc.copernicus.org/articles/16/2655/2022/

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Antarctica’s Conger Ice Shelf Suffers ‘Complete Collapse’

3/25/22

Satellite images show the collapse happening around March 15.

https://gizmodo.com/antarctica-s-conger-ice-shelf-suffers-complete-collaps-1848703451

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What to Know about Antarctica’s Conger Ice Shelf Collapse

March 29, 2022

https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/what-to-know-about-antarcticas-conger-ice-shelf-collapse/

___________________________


Satellite data shows entire Conger ice shelf has collapsed in Antarctica

March 2022

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/mar/25/satellite-data-shows-entire-conger-ice-shelf-has-collapsed-in-antarctica

___________________________


A-68s: Largest floating Iceberg

December 18, 2020

https://www.civilsdaily.com/news/a-68s-largest-floating-iceberg/

___________________________


Powerful 'rivers in the sky' could cause Antarctic Peninsula's biggest ice shelf to collapse

April 14, 2022

When temperatures in Antarctica soared to 38 degrees Celsius above normal -- around 70 Fahrenheit -- in March, a teetering ice shelf the size of Los Angeles collapsed. Scientists don't know what role the extreme temperatures may have played in the event, but the heat rushed in through what's known as an atmospheric river, a long plume of moisture that transports warm air and water vapor from the tropics to other parts of the Earth.
A new study published Thursday shows that these "rivers in the sky" -- which dump rain and snow when they make landfall -- are also causing extreme temperatures, surface melt, sea-ice disintegration and large ocean swells which are destabilizing ice shelves on the Antarctic Peninsula, a long, spindly mountain chain that points northwards to the tip of South America.
These conditions were observed during the collapse of two of the peninsula's ice shelves -- Larsen A and B -- in the summers of 1995 and 2002, respectively. And now, as the climate crisis is projected to warm the Earth further, the biggest remaining ice shelf, Larsen C, is also at risk of total collapse, the study says.

The authors of the study, published in the Nature journal Communications Earth & Environment, used algorithms, climate models and satellite observations to determine that 60% of the peninsula's calving events -- where an iceberg breaks off an ice shelf or glacier -- were triggered by atmospheric rivers between 2000 and 2020.

https://www.cnn.com/2022/04/14/world/antarctica-larsen-c-ice-shelf-atmospheric-rivers-climate-intl/index.html

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Detection of Surface Crevasses over Antarctic Ice Shelves Using SAR Imagery and Deep Learning Method

20 January 2022

https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/14/3/487/htm

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Discovery of 'hidden world' under Antarctic ice has scientists 'jumping for joy'

June 10, 2022

https://www.livescience.com/hidden-ecosystem-under-antarctic-ice

___________________________


Evolution of the Antarctic continental margins

December 1987

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264309923_Evolution_of_the_Antarctic_continental_margins

___________________________


Strong ice-ocean interaction beneath Shirase Glacier Tongue in East Antarctica

2020 Aug 24

 

Abstract

 

Mass loss from the Antarctic ice sheet, Earth’s largest freshwater reservoir, results directly in global sea-level rise and Southern Ocean freshening. Observational and modeling studies have demonstrated that ice shelf basal melting, resulting from the inflow of warm water onto the Antarctic continental shelf, plays a key role in the ice sheet’s mass balance. In recent decades, warm ocean-cryosphere interaction in the Amundsen and Bellingshausen seas has received a great deal of attention. However, except for Totten Ice Shelf, East Antarctic ice shelves typically have cold ice cavities with low basal melt rates. Here we present direct observational evidence of high basal melt rates (7–16 m yr⁻¹) beneath an East Antarctic ice shelf, Shirase Glacier Tongue, driven by southward-flowing warm water guided by a deep continuous trough extending to the continental slope. The strength of the alongshore wind controls the thickness of the inflowing warm water layer and the rate of basal melting.

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7445286/

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Now tests show the ice ISN'T melting: Sea water under shelf in the East Antarctic is still freezing

12 January 2010

Sea water under an East Antarctic ice shelf showed no sign of higher temperatures, first tests showed today.

Despite fears of a thaw linked to global warming that could bring higher world ocean levels, tests conducted on the Fimbul Ice Shelf showed the sea water is still around freezing point.

Thanks to sensors, lowered through three holes drilled in the shelf, scientists have discovered the water is not at higher temperatures widely blamed for the break-up of 10 shelves on the Antarctic Peninsula, the most northerly part of the frozen continent.

https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-1242398/Now-tests-ice-ISNT-melting-Sea-water-shelf-East-Antarctic-freezing.html

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Effects of Waves on Tabular Ice-Shelf Calving

Mar 3, 2013

https://www.deepdyve.com/lp/american-meteorological-society/effects-of-waves-on-tabular-ice-shelf-calving-tJxGMwZToB

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East Antarctic Landfast Sea Ice Distribution and Variability, 2000–08

2012

https://www.deepdyve.com/lp/american-meteorological-society/east-antarctic-landfast-sea-ice-distribution-and-variability-2000-08-tQqWJEQefu

___________________________


Change and variability in East Antarctic Sea ice seasonality, 1979/80-2009/10

2013

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23705008/

___________________________


Antarctic sticks out huge annual ice 'tongue'

 24 June 2008

https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn14192-antarctic-sticks-out-huge-annual-ice-tongue/

___________________________


Extensive retreat and re-advance of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet during the Holocene

1 June 2018

https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Extensive-retreat-and-re-advance-of-the-West-Ice-Kingslake-Scherer/f2308908d6deae6f69987c254ccc79522ff6718f

___________________________


The suppression of Antarctic bottom water formation by melting ice shelves in Prydz Bay

2016

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27552365/

___________________________



Ross Sea

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross_Sea

The Ross Sea is a deep bay of the Southern Ocean in Antarctica, between Victoria Land and Marie Byrd Land and within the Ross Embayment, and is the southernmost sea on Earth. It derives its name from the British explorer James Ross who visited this area in 1841. To the west of the sea lies Ross Island and Victoria Land, to the east Roosevelt Island and Edward VII Peninsula in Marie Byrd Land, while the southernmost part is covered by the Ross Ice Shelf, and is about 200 miles (320 km) from the South Pole. Its boundaries and area have been defined by the New Zealand National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research as having an area of 637,000 square kilometres (246,000 sq mi).

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Scientists Find Low Levels of Heavy Metals in Saithe

24 February 2014

https://thefishsite.com/articles/scientists-find-low-levels-of-heavy-metals-in-saithe

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Eoarchean

 
The Eoarchean ( /ˌiːoʊ.ɑːrˈkiːən/; also spelled Eoarchaean) is the first era of the Archean Eon of the geologic record. It spans 400 million years, from the end of the Hadean Eon 4 billion years ago (4000 Mya) to the start of the Paleoarchean Era 3600 Mya. The beginnings of life on Earth have been dated to this era and evidence of cyanobacteria date to 3500 Mya, comparatively shortly after the Eoarchean. At that time, the atmosphere was without oxygen and the pressure values ranged from 10 to 100 bar (around 10 to 100 times the atmospheric pressure today).

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eoarchean

________________

______________


Studies on the influence of sampling on the levels of dioxins and PCB in fish

2018 Sep 3

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30286542/

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Geomagnetic pole

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geomagnetic_pole

The geomagnetic poles are antipodal points where the axis of a best-fitting dipole intersects the surface of Earth. This theoretical dipole is equivalent to a powerful bar magnet at the center of Earth, and comes closer than any other point dipole model to describing the magnetic field observed at Earth's surface. In contrast, the magnetic poles of the actual Earth are not antipodal; that is, the line on which they lie does not pass through Earth's center.

Owing to motion of fluid in the Earth's outer core, the actual magnetic poles are constantly moving (secular variation). However, over thousands of years, their direction averages to the Earth's rotation axis. On the order of once every half a million years, the poles reverse (i.e., north switches place with south) although the time frame of this switching can be anywhere from every 10 thousand years to every 50 million years. The poles also swing in an oval of around 50 miles (80 km) in diameter daily due to solar wind deflecting the magnetic field.[3]

Although the geomagnetic pole is only theoretical and cannot be located directly, it arguably is of more practical relevance than the magnetic (dip) pole. This is because the poles describe a great deal about the Earth's magnetic field, determining for example where auroras can be observed. The dipole model of the Earth's magnetic field consists of the location of geomagnetic poles and the dipole moment, which describes the strength of the field.

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South magnetic pole

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_magnetic_pole

The south magnetic pole is the point on Earth's Southern Hemisphere where the geomagnetic field lines are directed perpendicular to the nominal surface. The Geomagnetic South Pole, a related point, is the south pole of an ideal dipole model of the Earth's magnetic field that most closely fits the Earth's actual magnetic field.

For historical reasons, the "end" of a freely hanging magnet that points (roughly) north is itself called the "north pole" of the magnet, and the other end, pointing south, is called the magnet's "south pole". Because opposite poles attract, Earth's south magnetic pole is physically actually a magnetic north pole (see also North magnetic pole § Polarity).

The south magnetic pole is constantly shifting due to changes in Earth's magnetic field. As of 2005 it was calculated to lie at 64°31′48″S 137°51′36″E,[2] placing it off the coast of Antarctica, between Adélie Land and Wilkes Land. In 2015 it lay at 64.28°S 136.59°E (est).[3] That point lies outside the Antarctic Circle. Due to polar drift, the pole is moving northwest by about 10 to 15 kilometres (6 to 9 mi) per year. Its current distance from the actual Geographic South Pole is approximately 2,860 km (1,780 mi).[1] The nearest permanent science station is Dumont d'Urville Station.

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Wandering of the Geomagnetic poles

https://ngdc.noaa.gov/geomag/GeomagneticPoles.shtml

___________________________


The Earth’s magnetic poles (probably) aren’t about to flip, scientists say

July 4, 2022

https://news.yahoo.com/earth-magnetic-poles-probably-aren-083134518.html

____________


Boundary processes and neodymium cycling along the Pacific margin of West Antarctica

2022

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016703722001855

___________________________


Neodymium and hafnium boundary contributions to seawater along the West Antarctic continental margin

2014

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0012821X14001526

___________________________

Reconstruction of Ocean Circulation Based on Neodymium Isotopic Composition: Potential Limitations and Application to the Mid-Pleistocene Transition

June 29, 2020

https://tos.org/oceanography/article/reconstruction-of-ocean-circulationbased-on-neodymium-isotopic-composition-potential-limitations-and-application-to-the-mid-pleistocene-transition

___________________________


Isotopic Composition of Neodymium in Waters from the Drake Passage

16 Jul 1982

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.217.4556.207

___________________________


Sharks that hunted near Antarctica millions of years ago recorded Earth’s climate history in their teeth

July 12, 2021

https://theconversation.com/sharks-that-hunted-near-antarctica-millions-of-years-ago-recorded-earths-climate-history-in-their-teeth-164056

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Shark teeth found in Antarctica unlock mystery of Earth’s ancient climate cooling

July 15, 2021

Some 50 million years ago, the Earth shifted to a cooler climate. Here’s why

https://www.zmescience.com/science/shark-teeth-found-in-antarctica-unlock-mystery-of-earths-ancient-climate-cooling/

___________________________


Boundary processes and neodymium cycling along the Pacific margin of West Antarctica

June 2022

https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022GeCoA.327....1W/abstract

___________________________




___________________________


NEODYMIUM ISOTOPIC COMPOSITION OF ANTARCTIC ORDINARY CHONDRITES.

https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/80071226.pdf

___________________________


We discovered new methane pingos in the Barents Sea

August 2020

https://cage.uit.no/2020/08/13/we-discovered-new-methane-mounds/

___________________________


The Neodymium Isotope Fingerprint of Adélie Coast Bottom Water

01 October 2018

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2018GL080074

___________________________


Oligocene Deep Water Export from the North Atlantic and the Development of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current Examined withDevelopment of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current Examined with Neodymium IsotopesNeodymium Isotope

1-19-2008

https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1039&context=geol_facpub

___________________________



Pre-concentration of thorium and neodymium isotopes using Nobias chelating resin: Method development and application to chromatographic separation

2019 Mar 27

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31171227/

___________________________


The neodymium composition of Atlantic Ocean water masses: implications for the past and present

April 17, 2015

https://academiccommons.columbia.edu/doi/10.7916/D8DZ077F

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Deglacial Variability of Antarctic Intermediate Water Penetration into the North Atlantic from Authigenic Neodymium Isotope Ratios

2012

https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1229&context=oeas_fac_pubs

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Neodymium isotopic signature of the Ross Sea Water characterized

12 June 2015

https://www.geotraces.org/nd-isotopic-signature-of-the-ross-sea-water-characterized/

___________________________


Neodymium and hafnium boundary contributions to seawater along the West Antarctic continental margin

May 2014

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261327628_Neodymium_and_hafnium_boundary_contributions_to_seawater_along_the_West_Antarctic_continental_margin

___________________________


Investigating the Applications of Neodymium Isotopic Compositions and Rare Earth Elements as Water Mass Tracers in the South Atlantic and North Pacific

April 30, 2019

https://academiccommons.columbia.edu/doi/10.7916/d8-kstx-xg38

___________________________


Tracing Water Mass Mixing From the Equatorial to the North Pacific Ocean With Dissolved Neodymium Isotopes and Concentrations*


https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmars.2020.603761/full

___________________________


Testing the Fidelity of Neodymium Isotopes as a Paleocirculation Tracer in the Southeast Indian-Sout

2017

https://people.climate.columbia.edu/projects/view/1671

___________________________




Deglacial Variability of Antarctic Intermediate Water Penetration into the North Atlantic from Authigenic Neodymium Isotope Ratios

2012

https://digitalcommons.odu.edu/oeas_fac_pubs/210/

___________________________


Coherent Response of Antarctic Intermediate Water and Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation During the Last Deglaciation: Reconciling Contrasting Neodymium Isotope Reconstructions From the Tropical Atlantic

22 September 2017

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2017PA003092

___________________________


Crustal growth and reworking along the Antarctic peninsula : an isotopic approach

January 1993

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/32975184_Crustal_growth_and_reworking_along_the_Antarctic_peninsula_an_isotopic_approach

___________________________


Neodymium isotopic characterization of Ross Sea Bottom Water and its advection through the southern South Pacific

    June 2015

https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015E%26PSL.419..211B/abstract

___________________________


Deep-Water Circulation over the Last Two Glacial Cycles Reconstructed from Authigenic Neodymium Isotopes in the Equatorial Indian Ocean (Core HI1808-GPC04)

15 November 2021

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12601-021-00046-8

___________________________


New constraints on the sources and behavior of neodymium and hafnium in seawater from Pacific Ocean ferromanganese crusts

2004

https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/70026613

___________________________


The Neodymium Isotope Fingerprint of Adélie Coast Bottom Water

2018

https://research-information.bris.ac.uk/en/publications/the-neodymium-isotope-fingerprint-of-ad%C3%A9lie-coast-bottom-water

___________________________


Neodymium in the oceans: a global database, a regional comparison and implications for palaeoceanographic research

4 October 2016

https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Neodymium-in-the-oceans%3A-a-global-database%2C-a-and-Flierdt-Griffiths/94c7df583705dca259120a1fbb1abd7b842f835c

___________________________


Neodymium isotopic characterization of Ross Sea Bottom Water and its advection through the southern South Pacific

2015

https://core.ac.uk/display/160046789

___________________________


Neodymium isotopic variations in North Pacific modern silicate sediment and the insignificance of detrital REE contributions to seawater

https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/handle/2027.42/31272

___________________________


Neodymium and Strontium isotope compositions of Miocene to recent sediments collected at Site U1521 during International Ocean Discovery Programme (IODP) Expedition 374 to the Ross Sea, Antarctica

2021

https://www2.bgs.ac.uk/nationalgeosciencedatacentre/citedData/catalogue/3a646c8a-8422-4079-a928-a159532439eb.html

___________________________


Drake Passage gateway opening and Antarctic Circumpolar Current onset 31 Ma ago: The message of foraminifera and reconsideration of the Neodymium isotope record

2021

https://hal-insu.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-03358760v1

___________________________


The neodymium isotopic composition of waters masses in the eastern Pacific sector of the Southern Ocean

2011

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0016703711007095

___________________________



Neodymium Isotope Evidence for Coupled Southern Ocean Circulation and Antarctic Climate throughout the Last 118,000 Years

April 2021

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/351055356_Neodymium_Isotope_Evidence_for_Coupled_Southern_Ocean_Circulation_and_Antarctic_Climate_throughout_the_Last_118000_Years

______________


The residence time of Southern Ocean surface waters and the 100,000-year ice age cycle

8 Mar 2019

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aat7067

___________________________

Antarctic intermediate water circulation in the South Atlantic over the past 25,000 years

2016

http://eprints.esc.cam.ac.uk/3928/1/palo20370.pdf

___________________________

Extreme environment datasets for the three poles

https://essd.copernicus.org/articles/special_issue1144.html

___________________________

A database of radiogenic Sr-Nd isotopes at the "three poles”

16 Mar 2022

https://essd.copernicus.org/preprints/essd-2022-91/

___________________________

Ice loss from the East Antarctic Ice Sheet during late Pleistocene interglacials

19 September 2018

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-018-0501-8/

___________________________


Last Glacial Maximum and Holocene Climate in CCSM3

01 Jun 2006

https://journals.ametsoc.org/view/journals/clim/19/11/jcli3748.1.xml

___________________________




___________________________


Antarctic intermediate water circulation in the South Atlantic over the past 25,000 years

05 October 2016

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/2016PA002975

___________________________


New Research Sheds Light on Antarctic Carbon ‘Sink’

February 22, 2018

New research reveals that changes in the Antarctic Ocean led to the rise in atmospheric carbon dioxide levels at the end of the last ice age.

In the report, published Thursday in the journal Science, researchers show that the deep South Pacific was highly stratified during the last ice age, which could have enabled long-term, deep-sea storage of the greenhouse gas.

The findings also suggest that warming at the end of the last ice age coincided with the increased mixing of deep water masses, which released stored CO2 and enhanced global warming.

The Antarctic Ocean plays a critical role in climate events because CO2 can be absorbed by the ocean from the atmosphere. As the amounts of dust deposited into the sea increase, microscopic algae multiply because the iron contained in the dust serves as a fertilizer.

When these single-celled algae die, they sink to the ocean floor, bringing the sequestered greenhouse gas with them. Long-term removal of CO2 from the atmosphere relies on stable deep-water conditions over extended periods of time.

To determine how water masses in the deep South Pacific have evolved over the past 30,000 years, the researchers recovered sediment cores from water depths of nearly 10,000 feet to more than 13,000 feet. Co-lead authors Chandranath Basak and Henning Frollje extracted minute teeth and other skeletal debris of fossil fish from the sediment to analyze the samples’ ratio of isotopes of the rare earth metal neodymium.

“Neodymium is particularly useful for identifying water masses of different origin,” said co-author Katharina Pahnke, the head of the Max Planck Research Group for Marine Isotope Geochemistry in Germany.

The isotope ratios of neodymium vary according to the ocean basin from which the water originates. For example, the coldest and therefore deepest water mass in the South Pacific develops on the Antarctic continental shelf and bears a distinct neodymium signature. Directly above this mass is a layer that combines water from the North Pacific, the South Pacific and the North Atlantic and thus features a different signature.

The researchers used fish debris from deep-sea sediments to trace the variations in neodymium concentrations at different depths over time. They found that at the peak of the last ice age roughly 20,000 years ago, the neodymium signature of samples taken from depths below 13,000 feet was significantly lower than in deeper water.

“The only explanation for such a pronounced difference is that there was no mixing of the water masses at that time,” said Frollje, a biochemist at the University of Bremen in Germany. This led the team to conclude that the deep waters were strongly stratified during the glacial period.

As the climate in the Southern Hemisphere warmed around 18,000 years ago, the stratification of the water masses was broken up neodymium values at different depths intersected.

“There was probably more mixing because the density of the water decreased as a result of the warming,” Pahnke said. This then sparked the release of the CO2 stored in deep waters.

Climate researchers have long since speculated on why variations in atmospheric CO2 levels followed the same pattern as temperatures in the Southern Hemisphere, when conditions in the north at times ran counter to these fluctuations. One theory suggests that certain processes in the Southern Ocean – another name for the Antarctic Ocean – played a key role.

“With our analyses we have for the first time provided concrete evidence supporting the theory that there is a connection between the CO2 fluctuations and stratification in the Southern Ocean,” said co-author Frank Lamy, a geoscientist at the Alfred Wegener Institute in Germany.

The findings support the theory that the warming of the Southern Hemisphere disrupted stratification in the Antarctic Ocean, leading to the release of CO2 that was stored in these waters.

https://www.courthousenews.com/new-research-sheds-light-on-antarctic-carbon-sink/

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Antarctic sea-ice controlled ocean circulation and carbon storage during the last Ice Age

19 June 2020

https://www.ucl.ac.uk/earth-sciences/news/2020/jun/antarctic-sea-ice-controlled-ocean-circulation-and-carbon-storage-during-last-ice-age

___________________________


Onset of Antarctic Circumpolar Current 30 million years ago as Tasmanian Gateway aligned with westerlies

2015

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26223626/

___________________________


Atlantic deep water provenance decoupled from atmospheric CO2 concentration during the lukewarm interglacials

08 December 2017

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-017-01939-w

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Overfishing of Krill Is Disrupting Antarctic Food Chains

Mar 30, 2018

Commercial fishing for the tiny crustacean has increased in recent years to supply growing demand for nutritional supplements.

https://psmag.com/environment/overfishing-krill-in-antarctica

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Antarctica's Fin Whale Population Is Rebounding. Here's Why That's a Big Deal

July 12, 2022

https://www.cnet.com/science/biology/antarcticas-fin-whales-were-nearly-hunted-to-extinction-now-theyre-making-a-comeback/

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Antarctica's Only Native Insect Could Be Destined For Extinction as Winters Warm



https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/technology/antarcticas-only-native-insect-could-be-destined-for-extinction-as-winters-warm/ar-AAZ7Ttg

___________________________


Algae Bloom in Antarctic Sea Ice

February 23, 2008

https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/8517/algae-bloom-in-antarctic-sea-ice

___________________________


Researchers Map Green Snow Algae Blooms in Antarctica

May 22, 2020

http://www.sci-news.com/biology/green-snow-algae-blooms-antarctica-08458.html

___________________________


Algae

https://www.antarctica.gov.au/about-antarctica/plants/algae/

___________________________

Algae Found in Antarctica – What Does It Mean?

May 22, 2020

https://webbyfeed.com/algae-found-in-antarctica-what-does-it-mean/8714/

___________________________

Underwater drones map algae beneath Antarctic ice

May 3, 2016

https://www.foxnews.com/tech/underwater-drones-map-algae-beneath-antarctic-ice

___________________________

Snow Algae*

https://www.antarctica.gov.au/about-antarctica/plants/snow-algae/

___________________________

Remote sensing reveals Antarctic green snow algae as important terrestrial carbon sink

20 May 2020

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-020-16018-w

___________________________

Snow algae communities in Antarctica: metabolic and taxonomic composition

2019 Feb 27

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6492300/

___________________________

Australian Bushfires Fueled Algae Blooms Near Antarctica

Oct 8, 2021

https://www.forbes.com/sites/priyashukla/2021/10/08/australian-bushfires-fueled-algae-blooms-near-antarctica/?sh=1a0134903d5b

___________________________


'Green Snow' May Blanket Coast of Antarctica As Global Temperatures Increase

5/20/20

https://www.newsweek.com/green-snow-algae-antarctica-1505458

___________________________


This ‘Blood-Red’ Snow Is Taking Over Parts of Antarctica**

February 28, 2020

After a month of record-breaking temperatures, a kind of snow algae that turns ruby-hued in warm temperatures thrives

https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/blood-red-snow-taking-over-parts-antarctica-180974309/

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Red and green snow algae increase snowmelt in the Antarctic Peninsula

January 13, 2021

https://phys.org/news/2021-01-red-green-algae-snowmelt-antarctic.html

___________________________


Microbial composition and photosynthesis in Antarctic snow algae communities: Integrating metabarcoding and pulse amplitude modulation fluorometry

2019

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S221192641930342X

___________________________



Antarctica’s ‘green snow’ is sucking carbon out of the air

Jun 22, 2020

A new study reveals that the continent's green patches act as a carbon sink.

https://grist.org/climate/antarcticas-green-snow-is-sucking-carbon-out-of-the-air/

___________________________


Algae, lichens and fungi in La Gorce Mountains, Antarctica

07 May 2004

https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antarctic-science/article/abs/algae-lichens-and-fungi-in-la-gorce-mountains-antarctica/0AE3049CADDA5802B9C8969A514CD0A5

___________________________


Antarctica: tiny algae turning snow green 'could create new ecosystem' – video

21 May 2020

https://www.theguardian.com/world/video/2020/may/21/antarctica-tiny-algae-turning-snow-green-could-create-new-ecosystem-video

___________________________


The Contributions of Sea Ice Algae to Antarctic Marine Primary Production

01 August 2015

https://academic.oup.com/icb/article/41/1/57/98878?login=false

___________________________

Filamentous green algae in freshwater streams on Signy Island, Antarctica

March 1989

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00031608

___________________________

Microbial composition and photosynthesis in Antarctic snow algae communities: Integrating metabarcoding and pulse amplitude modulation fluorometry

2019

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S221192641930342X

___________________________

Filamentous green algae in freshwater streams on Signy Island, Antarctica

1989

https://www.academia.edu/33471024/Filamentous_green_algae_in_freshwater_streams_on_Signy_Island_Antarctica

___________________________


Green algae (Viridiplantae) in sediments from three lakes on Vega Island, Antarctica, assessed using DNA metabarcoding

2021 Oct 22

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34686990/

___________________________


Characterization of copper (II) biosorption by brown algae Durvillaea antarctica dead biomass

14 November 2015

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10450-015-9715-3

___________________________


Glass algae and other oddities of Antarctica's microworld

 Jul 15, 2020

https://boingboing.net/2020/07/15/glass-algae-and-other-oddities.html

___________________________


Ancient gene family protects algae from salt and cold in an Antarctic lake

August 20, 2020

https://blog.frontiersin.org/2020/08/20/ancient-gene-family-protects-algae-from-salt-and-cold-in-an-antarctic-lake/

___________________________


Diversity of algae and lichens in biological soil crusts of Ardley and King George islands, Antarctica

12 January 2017

https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antarctic-science/article/abs/diversity-of-algae-and-lichens-in-biological-soil-crusts-of-ardley-and-king-george-islands-antarctica/2F92D44D3E1F8BCE597567ADAB0C8F30

___________________________


Heavy metal pollution in Antarctica and its potential impacts on algae

June 2019

https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019PolSc..20...75C/abstract

___________________________


The Quest to Save an Antarctic Kingdom Before It Falls Into Ruin

May 5, 2022

At the bottom of the world, scientists work to protect the kingdom of krill.

https://www.cnet.com/science/climate/features/the-quest-to-save-an-antarctic-kingdom-before-it-falls-into-ruin/

___________________________

The invisible life hidden beneath Antarctica's ice

2020

https://www.ted.com/talks/ariel_waldman_the_invisible_life_hidden_beneath_antarctica_s_ice

___________________________


How do mosses survive in Antarctica?

October 16, 2013

https://bogology.org/2013/10/16/how-do-mosses-survive-in-antarctica/

___________________________


Scientists Unravel the Mystery of Antarctica’s Blood Falls

May 1, 2017

https://www.extremetech.com/extreme/248493-scientists-unravel-mystery-antarcticas-blood-falls

Most of us, if we encountered what was obviously a waterfall of blood, would turn tail and run. However, geologist Griffith Taylor was made of sterner stuff when he discovered Blood Falls in the early 1900s. This flow of red liquid on Taylor Glacier in Antarctica has been perplexing scientists since it was discovered, but they’ve finally figured it out. No, it’s not actually blood. Thank goodness.

When Taylor (after whom the glacier was named) found Blood Falls, he believed it to be the result of algae blooms on the glacier that were washed into West Lake Bonney. Some species of algae have been known to cause similar discolorations. That would have been proof positive that life was more hearty than believed at the time. Of course, we’ve found organisms since then that are capable of living in even more harsh conditions, but it wasn’t algae that was responsible for Blood Falls.

An analysis in 2003, which laid the groundwork for the most recent discoveries, confirmed it was not algae that caused the red flow into West Lake Bonney. The water was found to contain extremely high levels of iron. The iron atoms in the water turned red when exposed to air — they actually become iron oxide, also known as rust. So, this isn’t blood or algae, but water with rust dissolved in it.

Figuring out what caused the red color was not the end of the mystery, though. Researchers suspected that the iron-rich water was coming from an ancient source, at least 5 million years old. There didn’t appear to be any liquid water around that would be a match. The answer turns out to be under the glacier’s surface.

Using radio-echo sounding, researchers from the University of Alaska Fairbanks were able to scan the area around Blood Falls. No drilling was necessary. The team found not just a subsurface lake, but an entire network of flowing water with high salt content in addition to iron. The high salinity of the water (also known as brine) prevents it from freezing, like when you sprinkle salt on your icy steps during the winter. The salt content of the water made this discovery possible due to its high contrast in radar reflections.

Researchers now say that Taylor Glacier represents the oldest known example of flowing water in a glacier. This research could help us understand the way water can persist inside other extremely cold glaciers.



--



___________________________

Viral images show Antarctica’s snow turning red due to microscopic algae

February 28, 2020

The phenomenon is said to be caused by a microscopic algae that thrives in sub-zero temperatures.

https://indianexpress.com/article/trending/trending-globally/antarctica-red-snow-viral-pictures-algae-6291370/

___________________________


Phenotypic and ecological diversity of freshwater coccoid cyanobacteria from maritime Antarctica and islands of NW Weddell Sea. I. Synechococcales.

2013

https://journals.muni.cz/CPR/article/view/12835

___________________________

Contributions to the knowledge of macroalgae of the Gerlache Strait - Antarctica

2021

http://www.scielo.org.co/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0122-97612021000300213

___________________________


PCBs and organochlorine pesticides in Antarctic algae***

http://www.coastalwiki.org/wiki/PCBs_and_organochlorine_pesticides_in_Antarctic_algae

___________________________


A Superabundance of Antarctic Algae Killers

December 10th, 2018

https://research.csiro.au/environomics/a-superabundance-of-antarctic-algae-killers/

___________________________


Toxicity of fuel-contaminated soil to Antarctic moss and terrestrial algae

18 April 2015

https://setac.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/etc.3021

___________________________

Linking an ancient CO2 drop to the Antarctic Ice Sheet using algae as a proxy

2011

https://wattsupwiththat.com/2011/12/02/linking-an-ancient-co2-drop-to-the-antarctic-ice-sheet-using-algae-as-a-proxy/

___________________________


Microplastics Found in Antarctic Ice for First Time

Apr 24th 2020

https://earth.org/microplastics-antarctic-ice/

___________________________


Sea ice history sheds light on future climate change impact on Antarctic plankton

10 September 2021

https://www.otago.ac.nz/news/news/otago832688.html

___________________________

Why some penguin populations are shrinking on Antarctica

Apr 25, 2017

https://www.pbs.org/newshour/science/penguin-populations-shrinking-antarctica

___________________________

Invasive Species “Hitchhiking” on Ships Threaten Antarctica’s Unique Ecosystems

January 10, 2022

https://scitechdaily.com/invasive-species-hitchhiking-on-ships-threaten-antarcticas-unique-ecosystems/

___________________________

Iron From Antarctic Rocks Fuels Algae Growth

2013

https://science.slashdot.org/story/13/05/28/1428251/iron-from-antarctic-rocks-fuels-algae-growth

___________________________

Algae helps explains Antarctic ice sheet formation

December 2, 2011

Antarctic ice sheets first began to form some 34 million years ago, during a period of sharply declining atmospheric carbon dioxide levels, a new study of ancient algae suggests.

https://www.csmonitor.com/Science/2011/1202/Algae-helps-explains-Antarctic-ice-sheet-formation

___________________________






___________________________


Red tide isn't red, but it is toxic

Feb. 28, 2013

https://www.sfgate.com/science/article/Red-tide-isn-t-red-but-it-is-toxic-4318466.php

___________________________


Behemoth Antarctic Algae Bloom Seen from Space

March 07, 2012

https://www.livescience.com/18915-antarctic-algae-bloom-nasa.html

___________________________


Hitting Us Where it Hurts: The Untold Story of Harmful Algal Blooms

2021

https://www.fisheries.noaa.gov/west-coast/science-data/hitting-us-where-it-hurts-untold-story-harmful-algal-blooms

___________________________


Experts Sound Algae and Red Tide Alarm at ‘COTI Conversation’

November 22, 2019

https://santivachronicle.com/news/experts-sound-algae-and-red-tide-alarm-at-coti-conversation/

___________________________


Red tide of death discovered in Southern Ocean

10 Mar 2008

https://www.abc.net.au/news/2008-03-11/red-tide-of-death-discovered-in-southern-ocean/1068830

___________________________


Antarctic red macroalgae: a source of polyunsaturated fatty acids

05 January 2017

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10811-016-1034-x

___________________________


Sterols in red macroalgae from antarctica: extraction and quantification by Gas Chromatography–Mass spectrometry

15 April 2021

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00300-021-02853-0

___________________________


Macroalgae Extracts From Antarctica Have Antimicrobial and Anticancer Potential

2018 Mar 8

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5852318/

___________________________


Red tide fossils point to Jurassic sea flood

June 5, 2018

https://www.geologypage.com/2018/06/red-tide-fossils-point-to-jurassic-sea-flood.html

___________________________



Cyanobacteria

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyanobacteria

Cyanobacteria, also known as Cyanophyta, are a phylum of Gram-negative bacteria[4] that obtain energy via photosynthesis. The name cyanobacteria refers to their color (from Ancient Greek κυανός (kuanós) 'blue'),[5][6] which similarly forms the basis of cyanobacteria's common name, blue-green algae.[7][8][9][note 1] They appear to have originated in a freshwater or terrestrial environment.[10] Sericytochromatia, the proposed name of the paraphyletic and most basal group, is the ancestor of both the non-photosynthetic group Melainabacteria and the photosynthetic cyanobacteria, also called Oxyphotobacteria.

___________________________


The Response of Antarctic Sea Ice Algae to Changes in pH and CO2

January 28, 2014

https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0086984


___________________________


Antarctic macroalgae — Sources of volatile halogenated organic compounds

1996

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0141113695000178

___________________________


Evaluation of the Antioxidant Capacities of Antarctic Macroalgae and Their Use for Nanoparticles Production

2021 Feb 23

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7926919/

___________________________

Low phytoplankton biomass and ice algal blooms in the Weddell Sea during the ice-filled summer of 1997

22 April 2004

https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antarctic-science/article/abs/low-phytoplankton-biomass-and-ice-algal-blooms-in-the-weddell-sea-during-the-icefilled-summer-of-1997/2DF53E51CAD7A41353470D870A9B0C98

___________________________


Chileans cut losses, as new algae bloom sweeps in

26 January 2018

https://salmonbusiness.com/chileans-cut-losses-as-new-algae-bloom-sweeps-in/

___________________________



Harmful algal bloom

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmful_algal_bloom

A harmful algal bloom (HAB) (or excessive algae growth) is an algal bloom that causes negative impacts to other organisms by production of natural algae-produced toxins, mechanical damage to other organisms, or by other means. HABs are sometimes defined as only those algal blooms that produce toxins, and sometimes as any algal bloom that can result in severely lower oxygen levels in natural waters, killing organisms in marine or fresh waters. Blooms can last from a few days to many months. After the bloom dies, the microbes that decompose the dead algae use up more of the oxygen, generating a "dead zone" which can cause fish die-offs. When these zones cover a large area for an extended period of time, neither fish nor plants are able to survive. Harmful algal blooms in marine environments are often called "red tides".

It is sometimes unclear what causes specific HABs as their occurrence in some locations appears to be entirely natural, while in others they appear to be a result of human activities.[5] In certain locations there are links to particular drivers like nutrients, but HABs have also been occurring since before humans started to affect the environment. HABs are induced by eutrophication, which is an overabundance of nutrients in the water. The two most common nutrients are fixed nitrogen (nitrates, ammonia, and urea) and phosphate. The excess nutrients are emitted by agriculture, industrial pollution, excessive fertilizer use in urban/suburban areas, and associated urban runoff. Higher water temperature and low circulation also contribute.

HABs can cause significant harm to animals, the environment and economies. They have been increasing in size and frequency worldwide, a fact that many experts attribute to global climate change. The U.S. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) predicts more harmful blooms in the Pacific Ocean. Potential remedies include chemical treatment, additional reservoirs, sensors and monitoring devices, reducing nutrient runoff, research and management as well as monitoring and reporting.

Terrestrial runoff, containing fertilizer, sewage and livestock wastes, transports abundant nutrients to the seawater and stimulates bloom events. Natural causes, such as river floods or upwelling of nutrients from the sea floor, often following massive storms, provide nutrients and trigger bloom events as well. Increasing coastal developments and aquaculture also contribute to the occurrence of coastal HABs. Effects of HABs can worsen locally due to wind driven Langmuir circulation and their biological effects.

___________________________


Lethal red tide threatens south shores of Chile

March 31st 2009

https://en.mercopress.com/2009/03/30/lethal-red-tide-threatens-south-shores-of-chile

___________________________


Chilean fishermen struggle with toxic algae

2016

https://apimagesblog.com/blog/2016/05/17/chilean-fishermen-struggle

___________________________


Response of the Arctic Marine Inorganic Carbon System to Ice Algae and Under-Ice Phytoplankton Blooms: A Case Study Along the Fast-Ice Edge of Baffin Bay

15 January 2019

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2018JC013899

_______________

The Amazing, and Alarming, Science Behind Red Snow

https://science.howstuffworks.com/nature/climate-weather/atmospheric/amazing-and-alarming-science-behind-red-snow.htm

___________________________



Independent effects of grazing and tide pool habitats on the early colonisation of an intertidal community on western Antarctic Peninsula

10 March 2016

https://revchilhistnat.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40693-016-0053-y

___________________________


Explosion of life on Earth linked to heavy metal act at planet’s centre

3 Jul 2022

Formation of solid iron core 550m years ago restored magnetic field and protected surface

https://www.theguardian.com/science/2022/jul/03/explosion-of-life-on-earth-linked-to-heavy-metal-act-at-planets-centre?utm_source=pocket-newtab

___________________________


Operation Highjump

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Operation_Highjump

___________________________


What You Are Not Being Told About The Biggest Cover-up in Antarctica “Operation Highjump”

 
2017

https://simplecapacity.com/2017/10/what-you-are-not-being-told-about-the-cover-up-in-antarctica-operation-highjump/

___________________________


Operation Highjump: The Secret Mission to Antarctica and its cover-up

https://worldtruth.tv/operation-high-jump-the-secret-mission-to-antarctica-and-its-cover-up/

___________________________


Admiral Richard E. Byrd: Operation HighJump 1946 U.S. Navy Antarctic Research Expedition

October 13, 2019

https://beforeitsnews.com/paranormal/2019/10/admiral-richard-e-byrd-operation-highjump-1946-u-s-navy-antarctic-research-expedition-2545026.html

___________________________


Operation Highjump – declassified pictures, UFO evidence

November 18, 2013

https://coolinterestingstuff.com/operation-highjump-declassified-pictures-ufo-evidence

___________________________


Operation Highjump

2015

https://www.theblackvault.com/documentarchive/operation-highjump/

___________________________


Glacial events in the Transantarctic Mountains : a record of the east Antarctic ice sheet Late Paleozoic glacial patterns in the central Transantarctic Mountains, Antarctica

1985

https://ci.nii.ac.jp/ncid/BA84449081

___________________________


Mountains Of Madness: A Scientist's Odyssey In Antarctica


http://2020ok.com/books/84/mountains-of-madness-a-scientist-s-odyssey-in-antarctica-184.htm

___________________________


Transantarctic Mountains – Antarctica’s Largest Range

https://www.mountainiq.com/antarctica/transantarctic-mountains/

___________________________


The Crust and Upper Mantle Structure of Central and West Antarctica From Bayesian Inversion of Rayleigh Wave and Receiver Functions

24 August 2018

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2017JB015346

___________________________


Major middle Miocene global climate change: Evidence from East Antarctica and the Transantarctic Mountains

November 01, 2007

https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article-abstract/119/11-12/1449/125372/Major-middle-Miocene-global-climate-change

___________________________


Sub-ice geology inland of the Transantarctic Mountains in light of new aerogeophysical data

2004

https://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/node/12707

___________________________


Crustal architecture of the Transantarctic Mountains between the Scott and Reedy Glacier region and South Pole from aerogeophysical data

2006

https://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/node/7660

___________________________


Sub-ice geology inland of the Transantarctic Mountains in light of new aerogeophysical data

2004

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0012821X04000664

___________________________


Reconnaissance geologic map of the Plunket Point quadrangle, Transantarctic Mountains, Antarctica

1974

https://www.worldcat.org/title/reconnaissance-geologic-map-of-the-plunket-point-quadrangle-transantarctic-mountains-antarctica/oclc/976167348

___________________________


Double dating detrital zircons in till from the Ross Embayment, Antarctica

2014-05-21

https://scholarworks.iupui.edu/handle/1805/4450

___________________________


The Ross Orogen of the Transantarctic Mountains

 
2005

https://www.alibris.com/The-Ross-Orogen-of-the-Transantarctic-Mountains-Edmund-Stump/book/5815144

___________________________



Metagenomic assembly of new (sub)polar Cyanobacteria and their associated microbiome from non-axenic cultures

2018 Aug 23

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6202449/

___________________________


Uncharted Permian to Jurassic continental deposits in the far north of Victoria Land, East Antarctica

2020

https://www.peeref.com/zh/works/21078465

___________________________




___________________________


Transantarctic Mountains

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transantarctic_Mountains

The Transantarctic Mountains (abbreviated TAM) comprise a mountain range of uplifted (primarily sedimentary) rock in Antarctica which extend, with some interruptions, across the continent from Cape Adare in northern Victoria Land to Coats Land. These mountains divide East Antarctica and West Antarctica. They include a number of separately named mountain groups, which are often again subdivided into smaller ranges.

The range was first sighted by James Clark Ross in 1841 at what was later named the Ross Ice Shelf in his honour. It was first crossed during the British National Antarctic Expedition of 1901-1904.

___________________________



___________________________



Antarctic Plateau

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctic_Plateau

___________________________


Antarctic polar plateau snow surface conversion of deposited oxidized mercury to gaseous elemental mercury with fractional long-term burial

2007

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S135223100700458X

___________________________

Antarctic Polar Front migrations in the Kerguelen Plateau region, Southern Ocean, over the past 360 kyrs

2021

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0921818121001119

___________________________


Antarctic ozone hole modifies iodine geochemistry on the Antarctic Plateau

05 October 2021

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-26109-x

___________________________



Direct measurements of episodic snow accumulation on the Antarctic polar plateau

01 April 2000

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2000JD900099

___________________________


Antarctic polar plateau vertical electric field variations across heliocentric current sheet crossings

March 2006

https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006JASTP..68..639B/abstract

___________________________


Direct measurements of episodic snow accumulation on the Antarctic polar plateau

2000

https://kuscholarworks.ku.edu/bitstream/handle/1808/15758/Braaten_Direct_Measurements_of_Episodic_Snow_Accumulation_on_the_Antartic_Polar_Plateau.pdf;sequence=1

___________________________

Contamination in polar regions: Arctic, Antarctic, and the Tibetan Plateau

24 November 2021

https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/environmental-pollution/special-issue/100L3T5D9FG

___________________________

Antarctic ozone hole modifies iodine geochemistry on the Antarctic Plateau

Oct 2021

https://doaj.org/article/65a26512770740be971b200f6f142fd8

___________________________


Upper ocean vertical mixing in the Antarctic Polar Front Zone

1 May 2005

https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Upper-ocean-vertical-mixing-in-the-Antarctic-Polar-Cisewski-Strass/7c78a23d3f9a102f4a90f7cd794260d2d4720a51

___________________________




Infrared and Submillimeter Atmospheric Characteristics of High Antarctic Plateau Sites

2004

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1086/420757

___________________________



Seasonal meandering of the polar front upstream of the Kerguelen Plateau

2018

https://eprints.utas.edu.au/29284/

___________________________

Levoglucosan and phenols in Antarctic marine, coastal and plateau aerosols

2016

https://openpolar.no/Record/crelsevierbv:10.1016%2Fj.scitotenv.2015.11.166

___________________________


Plants and Soil Microbes Respond to Recent Warming on the Antarctic Peninsula

August 29, 2013

https://www.cell.com/current-biology/fulltext/S0960-9822(13)00834-8

___________________________



___________________________

Externally forced symmetric warming in the Arctic and Antarctic during the second half of the twentieth century

27 April 2022

https://geoscienceletters.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s40562-022-00226-x

___________________________




Polar Icebreakers in a Changing World: An Assessment of U.S. Needs (2007)

Chapter:4 Polar Science's Key Role in Earth System Science

https://nap.nationalacademies.org/read/11753/chapter/7

___________________________

Antarctic Polar Front migrations in the Kerguelen Plateau region, Southern Ocean, over the past 360 kyrs

May 2021

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/351898424_Antarctic_Polar_Front_migrations_in_the_Kerguelen_Plateau_region_Southern_Ocean_over_the_past_360_kyrs

___________________________



The Impact of a Large-Scale Climate Event on Antarctic Ecosystem Processes

09 October 2016

https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/article/66/10/848/2415548?login=false

___________________________


THE ANTARCTICA POLAR VORTEX: STUDY OF WINTER 2005

https://www.worldscientific.com/doi/abs/10.1142/9781848164864_0044

___________________________


One Antarctic slug to confuse them all: the underestimated diversity of Doris kerguelenensis

1 June 2022

https://bioone.org/journals/invertebrate-systematics/volume-36/issue-5/IS21073/One-Antarctic-slug-to-confuse-them-all--the-underestimated/10.1071/IS21073.full

___________________________


Effects of Diesel, Heavy Metals and Plastics Pollution on Penguins in Antarctica: A Review

2021

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8465831/

___________________________


Influence of the polar light cycle on seasonal dynamics of an Antarctic lake microbial community

09 August 2020

https://microbiomejournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40168-020-00889-8

___________________________

Antarctic Marine Biodiversity – What Do We Know About the Distribution of Life in the Southern Ocean?

2010 Aug 2

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2914006/

___________________________


Fifty million years of beetle evolution along the Antarctic Polar Front

June 9, 2021

https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2017384118

___________________________




The Moho depth map of the Antarctica region

2013

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S004019511300005X

___________________________

Do the Northern Lights Occur in Antarctica?***

https://airlinkalaska.com/do-the-northern-lights-occur-in-antarctica/

___________________________


Antarctica may have hit record highs, but is this fake news? HD

Mar 2, 2017

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AoJEMyKIOiM

___________________________



Pyramids Spotted In Antarctica – Real or Hoax?

April 7, 2022

https://www.antarcticajournal.com/pyramids-spotted-in-antarctica-real-or-hoax/

___________________________

ANTARCTICA CASTLE DISCOVERED

July 7, 2022

https://www.antarcticajournal.com/antarctica-castle-discovered/

___________________________


Fact Check: Is this Antarctica as seen from space? Not really

July 20, 2020

Recently, scientists have warned of the rapid melting of Antarctica's Thwaites glacier - also known as "Doomsday glacier" for its collapse could submerge many coastal cities worldwide. Amid this, a purported view of Antarctica from space is being widely shared on social media.

https://www.indiatoday.in/fact-check/story/fact-check-is-this-antarctica-as-seen-from-space-not-really-1702651-2020-07-20

___________________________



6 Conspiracy Theories About Antarctica That Might Be True*

Nov 28, 2017

https://www.buzzfeed.com/rickysans/6-conspiracy-theories-about-antarctica-that-might-be-true

___________________________

74 trillion tons of fake snow over Antarctic could 'save coastal cities' from climate change, researchers say

July 18, 2019

https://www.foxnews.com/science/74-trillion-tons-fake-snow-antarctic-cities-climate-change

___________________________


A claim-by-claim analysis of a climate denial ‘news’ story

Mar 20, 2018

Anatomy of a fact check.

https://www.popsci.com/fakenews/

___________________________



Dome A*

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dome_A

___________________________

Dome Argus

https://www.antarctica.gov.au/antarctic-operations/stations/other-locations/dome-a/

___________________________

The Coldest Place in the World: Dome Argus, East Antarctica

2013-12-11

https://www.jeffreydonenfeld.com/blog/2013/12/the-coldest-place-in-the-world-dome-argus-east-antarctica/

___________________________

Minus credibility? Antarctic record low temperature disputed

9 Dec, 2013

https://www.rt.com/news/antarctica-temperature-record-questioned-922/

___________________________

Insoluble dust in a new core from Dome Argus, Central East Antarctica

08 September 2017

https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-glaciology/article/insoluble-dust-in-a-new-core-from-dome-argus-central-east-antarctica/27494FFE53651E3A0B8DF7B9C9AE29F1

___________________________

An association analysis between psychophysical characteristics and genome-wide gene expression changes in human adaptation to the extreme climate at the Antarctic Dome Argus

2014 Sep 9

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25199918/

___________________________

Uranium record from a 3 m snow pit at Dome Argus, East Antarctica

2018

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30379958/

___________________________

The atmospheric iron variations during 1950–2016 recorded in snow at Dome Argus, East Antarctica

2020

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016980952031200X

___________________________



___________________________


Holocene paleolimnological changes in Rundvågshetta lakes of the Soya Coast region and their paleoenvironmental significance with glacio-isostatic uplift in East Antarctica

2022

https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-1312982/v1

___________________________


The geology of the Mt Markham region, Ross dependency, Antarctica

August 1962

https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/The-geology-of-the-Mt-Markham-region%2C-Ross-Gunn-Walcott/e5b4da545ca5e7ca960ae086aba3ec40544d7b48

___________________________



The Earth’s coldest permafrost is in a mountain in Antarctica

7. february, 2020

The first map of permafrost distribution in the Northern and Southern hemispheres has been developed by researchers from UiO with help of satellite data and a new model. The very first global estimate of permafrost temperatures reveals that the coldest ground on the Earth is found in the Transantarctic Mountains.

https://titan.uio.no/universet-naturvitenskap-energi-og-miljo-innovasjon-english/2020/earths-coldest-permafrost-mountain-antarctica

___________________________

Mount Markham

https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Markham

___________________________

Concordia Station

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concordia_Station

___________________________


Dome F

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dome_F

___________________________

Antarctic and global climate history viewed from ice cores

13 June 2018

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-018-0172-5

___________________________

Magnetic anomalies in East Antarctica and surrounding regions: a window on major tectonic provinces and their boundaries

January 2007

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233853531_Magnetic_anomalies_in_East_Antarctica_and_surrounding_regions_a_window_on_major_tectonic_provinces_and_their_boundaries

___________________________

Preserved landscapes underneath the Antarctic Ice Sheet reveal the geomorphological history of Jutulstraumen Basin

14 July 2021

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/esp.5203

___________________________

Knowing the Antarctic Domes

13 Gennaio 2022

http://www.waponline.it/knowing-the-antarctic-domes/

___________________________


Subglacial geology and tectonics of the Dome F Region, Dronning Maud Land, East Antarctica

December 2020

https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020AGUFMT008...08G/abstract

___________________________

DOME FUJI: 720,000 YEARS OF HISTORY IN ICE

15 January, 2019

https://greenland.net/windsled/domefuji-720000-years-of-history-in-ice/

___________________________
















Studies of melting ice using CO2 laser for ice drilling

2015

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0165232X15002116

___________________________



___________________________


Modeling Satellite Gravity Gradient Data to Derive Density, Temperature, and Viscosity Structure of the Antarctic Lithosphere

25 October 2019

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2019JB017997

___________________________

Top 10 Longest Mountain Ranges in the World

2021

https://pickytop.com/longest-mountain-ranges-in-the-world/

___________________________


How Beautiful Clouds Are Worrying Scientists | Noctilucent Clouds

Jun 18, 2022

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GJrV6v_k0fw

___________________________



Observation of large and all-season ozone losses over the tropics

2022

https://aip.scitation.org/doi/full/10.1063/5.0094629

___________________________



Mount Tyree

Mount Tyree (4852m) is the second highest mountain of Antarctica located 13 kilometres northwest of Mount Vinson (4,892 m), the highest peak on the continent. It surmounts Patton Glacier to the north and Cervellati Glacier to the southeast.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Tyree

___________________________

 

Palmer Land

Palmer Land is the portion of the Antarctic Peninsula, Antarctica that lies south of a line joining Cape Jeremy and Cape Agassiz. This application of Palmer Land is consistent with the 1964 agreement between the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names and the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee, in which the name Antarctic Peninsula was approved for the major peninsula of Antarctica, and the names Graham Land and Palmer Land for the northern and southern portions, respectively. The line dividing them is roughly 69° S.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmer_Land

___________________________

Palmer Station

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmer_Station

___________________________

Coastal-Change and Glaciological Map of the Palmer Land Area, Antarctica: 1947-2009

1994

https://www.usgs.gov/maps/coastal-change-and-glaciological-map-palmer-land-area-antarctica-1947-2009

___________________________

Demonstration of the Peninsularity of Palmer Land, Antarctica, Through Ellsworth's Flight of 1935

1940

https://www.jstor.org/stable/984893

___________________________

Palmer Land (Antarctica)

https://id.loc.gov/authorities/subjects/sh85097237.html

___________________________

A Lower Cretaceous, syn-extensional magmatic source for a linear belt of positive magnetic anomalies: the Pacific Margin Anomaly (PMA), western Palmer Land, Antarctica

1998

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0012821X98000545

___________________________


The evolution of the Antarctic Peninsular magmatic arc; Evidence from northwestern Palmer Land

1990

https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/books/book/379/chapter-abstract/3797090/The-evolution-of-the-Antarctic-Peninsular-magmatic?redirectedFrom=fulltext

___________________________


Cretaceous arc volcanism of Palmer Land, Antarctic Peninsula: Zircon U-Pb geochronology, geochemistry, distribution and field relationships

2020

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342239756_Cretaceous_arc_volcanism_of_Palmer_Land_Antarctic_Peninsula_Zircon_U-Pb_geochronology_geochemistry_distribution_and_field_relationships

___________________________


Increased ice flow in Western Palmer Land linked to ocean melting

2017

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/2016GL072110

___________________________

Subglacial Morphology in Northern Palmer Land, Antarctic Peninsula

1981

https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Subglacial-Morphology-in-Northern-Palmer-Land%2C-Crabtree/6107712424c0eb4da245500fe767c8c71f649ed7

___________________________



Mid-Cretaceous ductile deformation on the Eastern Palmer Land Shear Zone, Antarctica, and implications for timing of Mesozoic terrane collision

28 October 2002

https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/geological-magazine/article/abs/midcretaceous-ductile-deformation-on-the-eastern-palmer-land-shear-zone-antarctica-and-implications-for-timing-of-mesozoic-terrane-collision/247B3B2E76C0910A787334C3BD627D9C

___________________________


Ellsworth Land


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ellsworth_Land

___________________________


Exceptional Tardigrade-Dominated Ecosystems in Ellsworth Land, Antarctica

2005

https://www.jstor.org/stable/3450971

___________________________


Dry permafrost over ice-cemented ground at Elephant Head, Ellsworth Land, Antarctica

2019

https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/mckay_etal_2019_dry_permafrost_ellsworth_land21.pdf

___________________________


Regional variability of diatoms in ice cores from the Antarctic Peninsula and Ellsworth Land, Antarctica

2022

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/359125212_Regional_variability_of_diatoms_in_ice_cores_from_the_Antarctic_Peninsula_and_Ellsworth_Land_Antarctica

___________________________


Analysis of coastal change in Marie Byrd Land and Ellsworth Land, West Antarctica, using Landsat imagery

1998

https://www.usgs.gov/publications/analysis-coastal-change-marie-byrd-land-and-ellsworth-land-west-antarctica-using

___________________________


Bajocian bivalves from Ellsworth Land, Antarctica

2012

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00288306.1983.10422256

___________________________

Flat Top (Coats Land)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flat_Top_(Coats_Land)

___________________________

___________________________

Coats Land crustal block, East Antarctica: A tectonic tracer for Laurentia?

September 01, 2011

https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/geology/article-abstract/39/9/859/130686/Coats-Land-crustal-block-East-Antarctica-A?redirectedFrom=fulltext

___________________________

Deglaciation and future stability of the Coats Land ice margin, Antarctica

20 Jul 2018

https://tc.copernicus.org/articles/12/2383/2018/tc-12-2383-2018-relations.html

___________________________

Katabatic winds and polynya dynamics at Coats Land, Antarctica

 

26 November 2013

https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antarctic-science/article/abs/katabatic-winds-and-polynya-dynamics-at-coats-land-antarctica/B267539A0E12A814476269E12D594EAD

___________________________

 

 

 

-


Cornwall Glacier (Coats Land)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornwall_Glacier_%28Coats_Land%29

___________________________




___________________________

The Age of the Littlewood Volcanics of Coats Land, Antarctica

1971

https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/10.1086/627612

___________________________


New aeromagnetic view of the geological fabric of southern Dronning Maud Land and Coats Land, East Antarctica

2013

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1342937X13001226

___________________________


Short-term variations in the occurrence of heavy metals in Antarctic snow from Coats Land since the 1920s

2002

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0048969702002772

___________________________



The surface climatology of an ordinary katabatic wind regime in Coats Land, Antarctica

January 2002

https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002TellA..54..463R/abstract

___________________________


Short-term variations in the occurrence of heavy metals in Antarctic snow from Coats Land since the 1920s

2002

https://www.academia.edu/10013066/Short_term_variations_in_the_occurrence_of_heavy_metals_in_Antarctic_snow_from_Coats_Land_since_the_1920s

___________________________


Changes in heavy metals in Antarctic snow from Coats Land since the mid-19th to the late-20th century

2002

https://www.academia.edu/10013064/Changes_in_heavy_metals_in_Antarctic_snow_from_Coats_Land_since_the_mid_19th_to_the_late_20th_century

___________________________


Research paper suggests East Antarctica and North America once linked

August 26, 2011

https://antarcticsun.usap.gov/science/2497/

___________________________



Paleomagnetic data and U-Pb isotopic age determinations from Coats Land, Antarctica: Implications for late Proterozoic plate reconstructions

10 April 1997

https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Paleomagnetic-data-and-U-Pb-isotopic-age-from-Coats-Gose-Helper/1aa65c30ba2d8694f9c700ce1a12070851e44e2c

___________________________

The surface climatology of an ordinary katabatic wind regime in Coats Land, Antarctica

11 October 2002

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1034/j.1600-0870.2002.201397.x

___________________________

The Main Geological Units of Antarctica Before Gondwana Amalgamation

19 Feb 2023

https://www.climate-policy-watcher.org/antarctic-climate/the-main-geological-units-of-antarctica-before-gondwana-amalgamation.html

___________________________

Marie Byrd Land

Marie Byrd Land (MBL) is an unclaimed region of Antarctica. With an area of 1,610,000 km2 (620,000 sq mi), it is the largest unclaimed territory on Earth. It was named after the wife of American naval officer Richard E. Byrd, who explored the region in the early 20th century.[1]

The territory lies in West Antarctica, east of the Ross Ice Shelf and the Ross Sea and south of the Pacific Ocean portion of the Antarctic or Southern Ocean, extending eastward approximately to a line between the head of the Ross Ice Shelf and Eights Coast. It stretches between 158°W and 103°24'W. The inclusion of the area between the Rockefeller Plateau and Eights Coast is based upon Byrd's exploration.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marie_Byrd_Land

___________________________

Antarctica’s Marie Bird Land

Nov 6, 2014

https://www.nasa.gov/content/goddard/icebridge/fall14/antarcticas-marie-bird-land

___________________________

Breakup at Land Glacier: Old Sea Ice Crumbled Away off the Coast of Antarctica’s Marie Byrd Land

April 3, 2022

https://scitechdaily.com/breakup-at-land-glacier-old-sea-ice-crumbled-away-off-the-coast-of-antarcticas-marie-byrd-land/

___________________________

Geochronology and geochemistry of pre-Jurassic superterranes in Marie Byrd Land, Antarctica

10 February 1998

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/97JB02605

___________________________


Paleomagnetic study of the northern Ford Ranges, western Marie Byrd Land, West Antarctica: Motion between West and East Antarctica

January 1, 1996

https://www.usgs.gov/publications/paleomagnetic-study-northern-ford-ranges-western-marie-byrd-land-west-antarctica

___________________________

Soils of Marie Byrd Land, West Antarctica

11 October 2013

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1134/S1064229313100049

___________________________

Seismic detection of an active subglacial magmatic complex in Marie Byrd Land, Antarctica

17 November 2013

https://www.nature.com/articles/ngeo1992

___________________________

Analysis of coastal change in Marie Byrd Land and Ellsworth Land, West Antarctica, using Landsat imagery

20 January 2017

https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/annals-of-glaciology/article/analysis-of-coastal-change-in-marie-byrd-land-and-ellsworth-land-west-antarctica-using-landsat-imagery/C3720E38F98C010806C12C85389CFBF2

___________________________

Glacier change along West Antarctica's Marie Byrd Land Sector and links to inter-decadal atmosphere–ocean variability

26 Jul 2018

https://tc.copernicus.org/articles/12/2461/2018/

___________________________

Mid-Cretaceous paleomagnetic results from Land, West Antarctica: A test of post-100 motion between East and West Antarctica

1994

https://academiccommons.columbia.edu/doi/10.7916/D8JW8QB5/download

___________________________


Evolution of pantellerite-trachyte-phonolite volcanoes by fractional crystallization of basanite magma in a continental rift setting, Marie Byrd Land, Antarctica

19 May 2011

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00410-011-0646-z

___________________________


High spatial and temporal variability in Antarctic ice discharge linked to ice shelf buttressing and bed geometry

June 2022

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/361623916_High_spatial_and_temporal_variability_in_Antarctic_ice_discharge_linked_to_ice_shelf_buttressing_and_bed_geometry

___________________________


Halley Research Station

Halley Research Station is a research facility in Antarctica[3] on the Brunt Ice Shelf operated by the British Antarctic Survey (BAS). The base was established in 1956 to study the Earth's atmosphere. Measurements from Halley led to the discovery of the ozone hole in 1985.[4] The current base is the sixth in a line of structures and includes design elements intended to overcome the challenge of building on a floating ice shelf without being buried and crushed by snow. As of 2020, the base has been left unstaffed through winter since 2017, due to concerns over the propagation of an ice crack and how this might cut off the evacuation route in an emergency. The Halley Bay Important Bird Area with its emperor penguin colony lies in the general vicinity of the base.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halley_Research_Station

___________________________


Halley Bay

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Halley_Bay

Halley Bay was a location on the fast ice on the north-western margin of the Brunt Ice Shelf in Coats Land, Antarctica. The series of British Halley Research Stations were constructed near here and named after the bay. The original ice bay was transitory and no longer exists although other bays in the same area keep reforming and breaking off as the shelf calves into icebergs. The location contains a 177 ha site which has been designated an Important Bird Area (IBA) by BirdLife International because it supported a breeding colony of about 22,500 emperor penguins (estimated from 2009 satellite imagery) although as of 2019 the colony has dispersed due to repeated failure of the sea ice.[2] In addition to the recent seasonal failures of ice the Brunt Ice shelf is approaching a large calving event which will reshape this section of coast and leave the original location of Halley Bay many Km out at sea.


___________________________

POLAR PANIC: UK Antarctica base ABANDONED as fears grow over ‘giant chasm’ racing across ice shelf

1 Mar 2019

https://www.thesun.co.uk/tech/8538273/halley-base-antarctica-ice-shelf-break/

___________________________

The seasonal cycle of sublimation at Halley, Antarctica

08 September 2017

https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-glaciology/article/seasonal-cycle-of-sublimation-at-halley-antarctica/F660A45D9587DF34C7D6F9C66148FE6A

___________________________


Biodiversity of air-borne microorganisms at Halley Station, Antarctica

2010 Jan 21

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20091326/

___________________________


A humidity climatology for Halley, Antarctica, based on frost-point hygrometer measurements

1 March 1999

https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/A-humidity-climatology-for-Halley%2C-Antarctica%2C-on-King-Anderson/842397f5a8336acc1c206212832d961543f9e438

___________________________


Investigation of the Stable Atmospheric Boundary Layer at Halley Antarctica

18 June 2013

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10546-013-9831-0

___________________________


A year-long record of size-segregated aerosol composition at Halley, Antarctica

20 December 2003

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2003JD003993

___________________________

Ozone depletion - An undeniable problem in Antarctica

https://undsci.berkeley.edu/article/0_0_0/ozone_depletion_09

___________________________

Measurements of Surface Ozone at Belgrano Antarctic Station

May 2010

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/241340447_Measurements_of_Surface_Ozone_at_Belgrano_Antarctic_Station_78S_35W

___________________________

Analysis of extreme wind events in the Weddell Sea region (Antarctica) at Belgrano II Station

2022

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0895981122000955

___________________________

Belgrano II Base

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belgrano_II_Base

___________________________

Ozone loss in the lower stratosphere over Belgrano, Antarctica (78ºS, 5º W) from 1999-2001 as obtained by ozonesondes: comparison with the SLIMCAT model

https://www.academia.edu/62157718/Ozone_loss_in_the_lower_stratosphere_over_Belgrano_Antarctica_78oS_5o_W_from_1999_2001_as_obtained_by_ozonesondes_comparison_with_the_SLIMCAT_model_

___________________________

Great Wall Station (Antarctica)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Wall_Station_(Antarctica)

___________________________

Esperanza Base

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esperanza_Base

___________________________

Subjective time estimation in Antarctica: The impact of extreme environments and isolation on a time production task

2020

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0304394020301634

___________________________

Marine pelagic ecosystems: the West Antarctic Peninsula

30 November 2006

https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rstb.2006.1955

___________________________

Cretaceous arc volcanism of Palmer Land, Antarctic Peninsula: Zircon U-Pb geochronology, geochemistry, distribution and field relationships

2020

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S037702732030233X

___________________________

Palmer, Antarctica Long Term Ecological Research

September 2008

https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/deep-sea-research-part-ii-topical-studies-in-oceanography/vol/55/issue/18

___________________________

Subglacial topography and ice flux along the English Coast of Palmer Land, Antarctic Peninsula

2020

https://essd.copernicus.org/articles/12/3453/2020/

___________________________


Palmer Archipelago (Antarctica) penguin data

https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/parulpandey/palmer-archipelago-antarctica-penguin-data

___________________________



Palmer Archipelago (Antarctica) penguin data

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmer_Archipelago

___________________________



Palmer Station

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palmer_Station

___________________________


Antarctic Peninsula

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antarctic_Peninsula

___________________________


The Palmer Archipelago: a group of islands off Antarctica

https://www.travelguide-en.org/the-palmer-archipelago-a-group-of-islands-off-antarctica-antarctic-peninsula/

___________________________





Antibiotic resistance among bacteria isolated from seawater and penguin fecal samples collected near Palmer Station, Antarctica

2009

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19190699/

___________________________

A geomorphological seabed classification for the Weddell Sea, Antarctica

24 May 2015

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11001-015-9256-x

___________________________


Antarctic ozone variability inside the polar vortex estimated from balloon measurements

2014

https://acp.copernicus.org/articles/14/217/2014/acp-14-217-2014.pdf

___________________________

Phylogenentic and enzymatic characterization of psychrophilic and psychrotolerant marine bacteria belong to γ-Proteobacteria group isolated from the sub-Antarctic Beagle Channel, Argentina

2014 Oct 26

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25344742/

___________________________

Antarctic ozone variability inside the Polar Vortex estimated from balloon measurements

June 2013

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/258738674_Antarctic_ozone_variability_inside_the_Polar_Vortex_estimated_from_balloon_measurements

___________________________


Burkholderia gladioli MB39 an Antarctic Strain as a Biocontrol Agent

2021 Apr 27

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33904974/

___________________________


From Antarctica to space: telemedicine at the limit

Jan 31, 2020

https://www.spacedaily.com/reports/From_Antarctica_to_space_telemedicine_at_the_limit_999.html

___________________________


Argentine research project in Antarctica exploring limits of telemedicine

August 26, 2020

https://www.laprensalatina.com/argentine-research-project-in-antarctica-exploring-limits-of-telemedicine/


___________________________

Territorial claims in Antarctica

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Territorial_claims_in_Antarctica

___________________________


Hot News from the Antarctic Underground

Nov. 7, 2017

https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/news/hot-news-from-the-antarctic-underground

___________________________


Ice Climbers Nearly Killed When Massive Iceberg Rolls Over On Them

Sep 25, 2020

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n3k5QlQvdio

___________________________


Why No One's Allowed To Explore The Antarctic

Oct 29, 2019

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P0N6aMczu78

___________________________


Climbing Antarctica's Mt. Vinson | Full Mountaineering Documentary on Vinson Massif

Sep 16, 2020

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8SW5um2wkj0

___________________________


Magnetospheric Substorms: Introduction

1977

https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-010-1164-8_6

___________________________

Relationship Between Geomagnetic Storms and Auroral/Magnetospheric Substorms: Early Studies
 
09 December 2020

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fspas.2020.604755/full

___________________________

Effect of magnetic storms and substorms on the low- latitude/ equatorial ionosphere

2006

https://cdaw.gsfc.nasa.gov/publications/ilws_goa2006/361_Sastri.pdf

___________________________


A Review of Studies of Geomagnetic Storms and Auroral/Magnetospheric Substorms Based on the Electric Current Approach

08 January 2021

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fspas.2020.604750/full

___________________________


The evolving concept of a magnetospheric substorm

1999

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1364682698001199

___________________________


A MECHANISM FOR MAGNETOSPHERIC SUBSTORMS

https://ntrs.nasa.gov/api/citations/19960000800/downloads/19960000800.pdf

___________________________


Near-Earth magnetic signature of magnetospheric substorms and an improved substorm current model

 
2008

https://angeo.copernicus.org/articles/26/2781/2008/angeo-26-2781-2008.pdf

___________________________


Energy Flux in the Earth’s Magnetosphere: Storm-Substorm Relationship

https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-94-007-1069-6_15/cover/

___________________________


Accelerated thinning of the near-Earth plasma sheet caused by a bubble-blob pair

2011

https://www.academia.edu/es/62706584/Accelerated_thinning_of_the_near_Earth_plasma_sheet_caused_by_a_bubble_blob_pair

___________________________


Auroral Arcs

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/auroral-arcs

___________________________


Aurora

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora

___________________________

GPS scintillation in the high arctic associated with an auroral arc

27 March 2008

https://christyturnerphotography.com/sub-auroral-arcs/

___________________________


GPS scintillation in the high arctic associated with an auroral arc

27 March 2008

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2007SW000349

___________________________


Multiple transpolar auroral arcs reveal insight about coupling processes in the Earth's magnetotail

2020 Jun 29

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32601186/

___________________________


Multiple transpolar auroral arcs reveal insight about coupling processes in the Earth’s magnetotail

2020

https://www.pnas.org/doi/pdf/10.1073/pnas.2000614117

___________________________


Measuring the Thicknesses of Auroral Curtains

1991

https://pubs.aina.ucalgary.ca/arctic/Arctic44-3-231.pdf

___________________________


Active auroral arc powered by accelerated electrons from very high altitudes

18 January 2021

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-79665-5

___________________________


Solar wind dependence of the occurrence and motion of polar auroral arcs: A statistical study

2002

https://people.kth.se/~kullen/finaltpapaper.pdf

___________________________


Discrete Auroral Arcs and Nonlinear Dispersive Field Line Resonances

1999

https://www.academia.edu/4089502/Discrete_Auroral_Arcs_and_Nonlinear_Dispersive_Field_Line_Resonances

___________________________


Narrowing of the discrete auroral arc by the ionosphere

1 October 2007

 

We investigate the role of the ionosphere in the development of intense, narrow discrete auroral arcs. Our study shows that interactions between a pair of downward and upward magnetic field-aligned currents (FACs) and the ionosphere can lead to the narrowing of the upward current channel and broadening of the downward current channel such that the total width of the initial current pair remains the same. In this case the intensity of the upward current increases, and the intensity of the large-scale downward current decreases. Conditions promoting this asymmetry between the upward and downward FACs include low ionospheric conductivity (≤1 mho) and a moderate magnitude of the current density (<5 μA/m 2 ). Simulations show that the ionosphere causes significant asymmetry not only in the structure and amplitude of the currents but also in the structure and amplitude of the corresponding parallel electric fields. The dynamics of the parallel electric field in the upward current channel is similar to the dynamics of the current itself, but the dynamics of the field in the downward current channel differs from the dynamics of the current. The major difference is that the width of the downward current channel becomes broader with time but the scale size of the parallel electric field becomes smaller inside the channel. This effect is quite important for understanding the parallel electron acceleration in the auroral zone. In particular, it may explain why the so-called "black" auroral arcs, which are produced by the electrons flowing along the magnetic field lines from the ionosphere, always appear in the form of very narrow, discrete dark lines.

https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Narrowing-of-the-discrete-auroral-arc-by-the-Streltsov/8e1d758f78f79fae1fed77a2797fd4914b3936be

___________________________


Auroral Arcs

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/physics-and-astronomy/auroral-arcs

___________________________

Multiple transpolar auroral arcs reveal insight about coupling processes in the Earth’s magnetotail

2020

https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2000614117

___________________________

North-South Asymmetry in the Geographic Location of Auroral Substorms correlated with Ionospheric Effects

22 November 2018

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-35091-2

___________________________

A comparative study of auroral morphology distribution between the Northern and Southern Hemisphere based on automatic classification

20 Mar 2018

https://gi.copernicus.org/articles/7/113/2018/

___________________________

Multiple transpolar auroral arcs reveal insight about coupling processes in the Earth’s magnetotail

June 2020

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342552808_Multiple_transpolar_auroral_arcs_reveal_insight_about_coupling_processes_in_the_Earth's_magnetotail

___________________________

Quiescent Discrete Auroral Arcs: A Review of Magnetospheric Generator Mechanisms

2019

https://par.nsf.gov/servlets/purl/10188751

___________________________

Relation of polar auroral arcs to magnetotail twisting and IMF rotation: a systematic MHD simulation study

2004

https://angeo.copernicus.org/articles/22/951/2004/angeo-22-951-2004.pdf

___________________________

Observation of electron density in the auroral ionosphere-Results of the Antarctic rockets S-310JA-11 and -12

31 January 1988

https://core.ac.uk/display/51483477

___________________________


It’s No Waltz Across Texas but the Northern Lights do in Fact Dance Across the Night Sky

February 3, 2017

https://texashillcountry.com/northern-lights-dance-across-night-sky/

___________________________


'Cannibal' solar flare brings rare aurora borealis to Colorado

March 31, 2022

The northern lights were seen in Colorado on Wednesday; more chances to see the aurora are on the way.

https://www.9news.com/article/weather/cannibal-solar-flare-brings-rare-aurora-borealis-colorado/73-da2585c7-a360-49cc-96a5-7d5e04f6779d

___________________________

Aurora: Illuminating the Sun-Earth Connection

https://www.nasa.gov/aurora

___________________________

Aurora

https://pwg.gsfc.nasa.gov/polar/EPO/auroral_poster/aurora_all.pdf

___________________________

The Northern Lights and other auroras are disappearing from some parts of Earth — but scientists predict a big comeback

Dec 10, 2017

https://www.businessinsider.com/how-auroras-solar-cycle-minimum-maximum-related-2017-12?op=1

___________________________

10 Things No One Ever Tells You About the Northern Lights

https://luxeadventuretraveler.com/northern-lights/

___________________________

Where to see the southern lights

 

Travelling in Tasmania? Keep your eyes peeled for one of nature’s most magnificent shows.

https://www.australia.com/en/things-to-do/nature-and-national-parks/where-to-see-the-southern-lights.html

___________________________

Magnetospheric substorm (Recently Published Documents)

 

https://www.sciencegate.app/keyword/215451

___________________________

Magnetospheric substorms and discrete arcs of the polar aurora

November 2013

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/257911031_Magnetospheric_substorms_and_discrete_arcs_of_the_polar_aurora

___________________________

The earth's magnetosphere under continued forcing - Substorm activity during the passage of an interplanetary magnetic cloud

1993

https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19930053284

___________________________


Polar and Magnetospheric Substorms

1968

https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-94-010-3461-6

___________________________


Scintillation producing ionospheric structures over Antarctic plateau during substorm events

December 2019

https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019AGUFMSM41A..07D/abstract

___________________________


Substorm

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/substorm

___________________________


North-South Asymmetry in the Geographic Location of Auroral Substorms correlated with Ionospheric Effects

2018

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30467409/

___________________________


Common solar wind drivers behind magnetic storm–magnetospheric substorm dependency

19 November 2018

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-35250-5

___________________________

Magnetospheric substorms.

1972

https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19720050237

___________________________

Substorms

https://pwg.gsfc.nasa.gov/Education/wsubstrm.html

___________________________

A magnetospheric substorm observed at Sanae, Antarctica

March 1987

https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1987JGR....92.2461G/abstract

___________________________

On magnetic storms and substorms

2006

https://cdaw.gsfc.nasa.gov/publications/ilws_goa2006/320_Lakhina.pdf

___________________________

Geomagnetic storm and substorm aurora observed from Spitsbergen

27 October 2009

https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/polar-record/article/abs/geomagnetic-storm-and-substorm-aurora-observed-from-spitsbergen/87DDB80D2E08FCC805228D8F8FDB7EAE

___________________________

Effects of Magnetospheric Plasma on Auroral Substorm (Reports of the Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition)

1972

https://core.ac.uk/display/201412109

___________________________

Correction to “Interchange instability in the inner magnetosphere associated with geosynchronous particle flux decreases”

2004

https://www.academia.edu/es/53004496/Correction_to_Interchange_instability_in_the_inner_magnetosphere_associated_with_geosynchronous_particle_flux_decreases_

___________________________


What is Aurora Borealis and what are Aurora Borealis colors

January 2, 2023

https://worldwidetravel.tips/northern-lights/what-is-aurora-borealis-colors/

___________________________

Aurora Throughout Our Solar System

Jun 3, 2021

https://www.discovermagazine.com/the-sciences/aurora-throughout-our-solar-system

___________________________


Aurora Borealis Facts: How the Northern Lights Work

May 12, 2022

https://earthhow.com/aurora-borealis-northern-lights/

___________________________

20 Aurora Borealis Facts You will Love to Know

https://hello-aurora.com/news/20-aurora-facts

___________________________


Auroras: The Northern and Southern Lights

https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/article/auroras

___________________________



https://bitrebels.com/technology/scientist-nasa-aurora-borealis-glass/

___________________________


Scientist From NASA Makes The Aurora Borealis In A Big Glass Jar

https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/goddard/2019/mars-proton-aurora-common

___________________________

 

Auroras on Mars

May 11, 2015

https://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2015/11may_aurorasonmars/

___________________________


Aurora on Mars

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aurora_on_Mars

___________________________

 

NASA Spacecraft Detects Aurora and Mysterious Dust Cloud around Mars

2015

https://www.nasa.gov/press/2015/march/nasa-spacecraft-detects-aurora-and-mysterious-dust-cloud-around-mars

___________________________


Auroras on Mars

May 11, 2015

https://mars.nasa.gov/news/auroras-on-mars/

___________________________

New Type of Aurora on Mars Stunned Scientists

28.04.2022

https://universemagazine.com/en/new-type-of-aurora-on-mars-stunned-scientists/

___________________________

Why Auroras Are Red on Mars

 

NASA’s MAVEN spacecraft picked up on a dazzling light display on the Red Planet.

2015

https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2015/03/why-auroras-are-red-on-mars/388493/

___________________________


Strong Solar Storm Sparked Planet-Wide Aurora on Mars

October 11, 2017

https://www.space.com/38416-solar-storm-mars-auroras-nasa-maven.html

___________________________

Desorption kinetics of heavy metals in the gleyic layer of permafrost-affected soils in Arctic region assessed by geochemical fractionation and DGT/DIFS

 

2021

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0341816221003970

___________________________

Iron in sea ice: Review and new insights

October 27 2016

https://online.ucpress.edu/elementa/article/doi/10.12952/journal.elementa.000130/112863/Iron-in-sea-ice-Review-and-new-insightsIron-in-sea

___________________________

Investigate the feedback mechanisms of Arctic clouds and radiation on sea ice changes

2021

https://ceres.larc.nasa.gov/documents/STM/2021-05/26_Dong_CERES_STM_20210512_350_Huang.pdf

___________________________

Interannual Variability of Primary Production in the Laptev Sea

04 June 2020

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1134/S0001437020010075

___________________________

Radiocarbon of quaternary along shore and bottom deposits of the Lena and the Laptev Sea sediments

1996

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0304420395000968

___________________________


Debris from Melting Shelves Changing the Biology and Chemistry of the Arctic Ocean

February 12, 2018

https://www.fondriest.com/news/debris-melting-shelves-changing-biology-chemistry-arctic-ocean.htm

___________________________

Radium Isotopes Across the Arctic Ocean Show Time Scales of Water Mass Ventilation and Increasing Shelf Inputs

1 July 2018

https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Radium-Isotopes-Across-the-Arctic-Ocean-Show-Time-Loeff-Kipp/98003261eec17d21902b1b1a241d11a3586e20a7

___________________________

Increased fluxes of shelf-derived materials to the central Arctic Ocean

3 Jan 2018

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.aao1302

___________________________

The cause of Jupiter’s glowing “northern lights” is finally revealed

July 9, 2021

https://www.inverse.com/science/juno-jupiter-aurora-discovery

___________________________

Arctic warming interrupts the Transpolar Drift and affects long-range transport of sea ice and ice-rafted matter

02 April 2019

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-019-41456-y/

___________________________

Jupiter’s intense auroras heat up its atmosphere

October 8, 2021

Charged particles slamming into the air above the poles create heat that spreads far and wide

https://www.sciencenewsforstudents.org/article/jupiters-intense-auroras-heat-atmosphere

___________________________


Mystery of Jupiter’s northern lights solved after 40 years, scientists say

July 9, 2021

https://www.cnn.com/2021/07/09/world/jupiter-northern-lights-mystery-scn/index.html

___________________________

Discovery and characterization of submarine groundwater discharge in the Siberian Arctic seas: A case study in the Buor-Khaya Gulf, Laptev Sea

October 2017

https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Salinity-activities-of-radium-isotopes-224-Ra-226-Ra-228-Ra-dpm-100-L-1-in-the_tbl1_320236429

___________________________

Every 27 minutes, there’s an X-ray aurora on Jupiter. Here’s why.

July 14, 2021

https://bigthink.com/hard-science/jupiter-aurora/

___________________________


Hubble Captures Vivid Auroras in Jupiter’s Atmosphere

Jun 30, 2016

https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2016/hubble-captures-vivid-auroras-in-jupiter-s-atmosphere

___________________________


Huge New Storm Creates Hexagon at Jupiter's South Pole

December 14, 2019

https://www.livescience.com/giant-storm-discovered-jupiter.html

___________________________


Jupiter's Pentagon Turns Hexagon

Dec. 12, 2019

https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/images/pia23559-jupiters-pentagon-turns-hexagon

 

___________________________

Jupiter’s polar polygons: Clusters of cyclones around the poles

2018 March 7

 

https://britastro.org/section_news_item/jupiters-polar-polygons-clusters-of-cyclones-around-the-poles

___________________________

NASA Just Watched a Mass of Cyclones on Jupiter Evolve Into a Mesmerising Hexagon

13 December 2019

https://www.sciencealert.com/june-watched-a-pentagon-of-storms-on-jupiter-evolve-into-a-hexagon

___________________________

Stunning Jupiter images ‘unlike anything’ NASA has ever seen before

 

Sep 5, 2016

https://www.express.co.uk/news/science/707398/Jupiter-images-NASA-juno-infrared-auroras

___________________________


Refining the contribution of riverine particulate release to the global marine Nd budget

21 April 2022

https://progearthplanetsci.springeropen.com/articles/10.1186/s40645-022-00479-2

___________________________

Sources, Transport and Sinks of Radionuclides in Marine Environments

21 December 2017

https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-71788-3_13


___________________________

 

Natural and Artificial Radionuclides as Tracers of Ocean Processes

2023

https://www.frontiersin.org/research-topics/22796/natural-and-artificial-radionuclides-as-tracers-of-ocean-processes

 

___________________________



Shallow methylmercury production in the marginal sea ice zone of the central Arctic Ocean

20 May 2015

https://www.geotraces.org/shallow-methylmercury-production/

___________________________


The Significance of the Hexagon

https://www.humanmanaged.com/articles/the-significance-of-the-hexagon

___________________________


Saturn's hexagon recreated in the laboratory

May 04, 2010

https://www.planetary.org/articles/2471

___________________________


Explaining the formation of a hexagon storm on Saturn

October 6, 2020

A new 3D model could explain the formation of a hexagon storm on Saturn

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2020/10/201006165740.htm

___________________________


What is up with that hexagon on Saturn? We might have finally found out

June 20, 2020

https://www.syfy.com/syfy-wire/what-is-up-with-that-hexagon-on-saturn

___________________________

Weird hexagon on Saturn is way bigger than scientists thought

Sept. 5, 2018

https://www.nbcnews.com/mach/science/weird-hexagon-saturn-way-bigger-scientists-thought-ncna906541

___________________________

Bizarre Giant Hexagon on Saturn May Finally Be Explained

September 22, 2015

https://www.space.com/30608-mysterious-saturn-hexagon-explained.html

___________________________


What is the hexagon at Saturn’s north pole, and what causes it?

January 28, 2013

https://astronomy.com/magazine/ask-astro/2013/01/saturnian-shape

___________________________

Bizarre Giant Hexagon on Saturn May Finally Be Explained

September 23, 2015

https://news.yahoo.com/bizarre-giant-hexagon-saturn-may-finally-explained-112829193.html

___________________________

Saturn's Famous Hexagon May Tower Above the Clouds

Sep 5, 2018

https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/saturns-famous-hexagon-may-tower-above-the-clouds

___________________________

Saturn's Northern Hexagon

July 5, 2020

https://science.nasa.gov/saturns-northern-hexagon

___________________________

Saturn's Hexagon in Motion

https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/missions/cassini/science/saturn/hexagon-in-motion/

___________________________

Saturn's Streaming Hexagon Storm

December 12, 2012

https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/resources/15927/saturns-streaming-hexagon-storm/

___________________________


Saturn's hexagon 

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saturn%27s_hexagon

___________________________


Saturn’s high-altitude winds generate an extraordinary aurorae, study finds

08 February 2022

https://le.ac.uk/news/2022/february/saturn-aurorae

___________________________

Saturn’s Newfound Aurora Comes From Speedy Winds High In The Atmosphere

Mar 2, 2022

https://www.forbes.com/sites/elizabethhowell1/2022/03/02/saturns-newfound-aurora-comes-from-speedy-winds-high-in-the-atmosphere/?sh=411e8dcf5e80

___________________________

Space Scientists Discover a Never-Before-Seen Mechanism Fueling Huge Planetary Aurorae on Saturn

February 9, 2022

https://scitechdaily.com/space-scientists-discover-a-never-before-seen-mechanism-fueling-huge-planetary-aurorae-on-saturn/

___________________________

A New Type of Aurora Found on Saturn Resolves a Planetary Mystery

2022

The discovery of the first wind-driven aurora sheds light on a strange phenomenon playing out below Saturn’s stormy atmosphere.

https://www.wired.com/story/auroras-on-saturn/

___________________________


Scientists discover the hidden force behind Saturn’s Aurora Borealis

Feb 09, 2022

https://interestingengineering.com/saturn-aurora-borealis

___________________________

Saturn's Auroras

February 16, 2005

https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/resources/12369/saturns-auroras/

___________________________

Planety Mystery Behind Saturn’s Bright Aurora Borealis Finally Resolved

Feb 25, 2022

https://www.sciencetimes.com/articles/36322/20220225/saturn-s-aurora-borealis-finally-resolves-a-planetary-mystery.htm

___________________________


Swirling winds of Saturn trigger never-before-seen auroras

February 25, 2022

https://www.space.com/saturn-winds-trigger-new-auroras

___________________________

The Arctic Radium Isotope Observing Network (ARION): Tracking Climate-​Driven Changes in Arctic Ocean Chemistry

March 24, 2022

https://www.tos.org/oceanography/article/the-arctic-radium-isotope-observing-network-arion-tracking-climate-driven-changes-in-arctic-ocean-chemistry

___________________________

 

Saturn’s Aurora Borealis: Should The Planet's High-Altitude Winds Be Blamed For This Stunning Mechanism?

Feb 11, 2022

https://www.sciencetimes.com/articles/36057/20220211/saturn-s-aurora-borealis-should-the-planets-high-altitude-winds-be-blamed-for-this-stunning-mechanism.htm

___________________________


See Saturn's Stunning Auroras Glow Over Time in These Hubble Photos

August 31, 2018

https://www.space.com/41695-saturn-auroras-amazing-hubble-photos-video.html



___________________________

Source apportionment of methane escaping the subsea permafrost system in the outer Eurasian Arctic Shelf

2021

https://www.pnas.org/doi/pdf/10.1073/pnas.2019672118


___________________________


Jupiter’s Auroras Present a Powerful Mystery

Sep 6, 2017

https://www.nasa.gov/feature/jpl/jupiter-s-aurora-presents-a-powerful-mystery

___________________________


Atlantic water flow pathways revealed by lead contamination in Arctic basin sediments

17 Aug 2001

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11509726/

___________________________


Jupiter's powerful auroras form during a 'tug of war' between the planet and nearby moon volcanoes

Feb 5, 2022

https://www.businessinsider.com/space-lava-from-moon-volcanoes-creates-jupiters-powerful-aurora-lights-2022-2?op=1

___________________________

Jupiter's moons light up aurora borealis

Sep 17, 2009

https://www.discovermagazine.com/the-sciences/jupiters-moons-light-up-aurora-borealis

___________________________


Hubble Spots Auroras on Uranus

Apr 10, 2017

https://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/goddard/2017/hubble-spots-auroras-on-uranus

___________________________


Scientists create most detailed map of Uranus' mysterious auroras to date

October 19, 2021

https://www.space.com/uranus-observation-infrared-aurora-map

___________________________


Rare Photo: Auroras on Uranus Spotted by Hubble Telescope

April 13, 2012

https://www.space.com/15270-auroras-uranus-hubble-telescope-photos.html

___________________________


Auroras on Uranus: Scientists Create Latest Map on Planet’s Mysterious Light

Oct 19, 2021

https://www.sciencetimes.com/articles/34047/20211019/auroras-on-uranus-scientists-create-latest-map-on-planet-s-mysterious-light.htm

___________________________


Hubble Spots Aurorae on the Planet Uranus

Apr 18, 2012

https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/hubble/science/uranus-aurora.html

___________________________


NASA snaps unprecedented image of auroras on gas giant Uranus

April 13, 2017

https://www.zmescience.com/space/aurora-on-neptune/

___________________________

Neptune Aurora

https://www.windows2universe.org/?page=/neptune/magnetosphere/N_aurora.html

___________________________


AURORAL DISPLAYS FOUND ON NEPTUNE AND TRITON

August 29, 1989

https://www.washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1989/08/29/auroral-displays-found-on-neptune-and-triton/b609fbc8-e99f-4e84-b301-1419ec7be243/

___________________________

What are Aurora Borealis and Aurora Australis and do they match?

October 5, 2020

https://factsberry.com/what-are-aurora-borealis-and-aurora-australis/

___________________________

 

 

Northern lights: Will beautiful aurora DISAPPEAR when Earth's poles shift?

2019

https://www.express.co.uk/news/science/1130240/northern-lights-will-aurora-disappear-earth-magnetic-north-poles-shift-space-news

___________________________


Alexander Island

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Island

___________________________


Mount Alexander (Antarctica)

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Alexander_(Antarctica)

___________________________

Paenibacillus wynnii sp. nov., a novel species harbouring the nifH gene, isolated from Alexander Island, Antarctica

2005 Sep

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16166715/

___________________________

Lithostratigraphy of Upper Jurassic-Lower Cretaceous strata of eastern Alexander Island, Antarctica

1988

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0195667188900201

___________________________

Rothera Research Station

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rothera_Research_Station

___________________________

Early Cretaceous Gleicheniaceae and Matoniaceae (Gleicheniales) from Alexander Island, Antarctica

March 2006

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222581219_Early_Cretaceous_Gleicheniaceae_and_Matoniaceae_Gleicheniales_from_Alexander_Island_Antarctica

___________________________

The deglacial history of NW Alexander Island, Antarctica, from surface exposure dating

 20 January 2017

https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/quaternary-research/article/abs/deglacial-history-of-nw-alexander-island-antarctica-from-surface-exposure-dating/CF830FAE75567B802459BEAF2D5DBF17

___________________________

The age and stratigraphy of fore-arc magmatism on Alexander Island, Antarctica

01 July 1997

https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/geological-magazine/article/abs/age-and-stratigraphy-of-forearc-magmatism-on-alexander-island-antarctica/0EC9E1A32024AEE1DBEED865AA4AEFE3

___________________________


Microplastics in marine sediments near Rothera Research Station, Antarctica

2018

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0025326X18303977

___________________________

Antarctic sea ice reaches new record maximum

October 8, 2014

https://climate.nasa.gov/news/2169/antarctic-sea-ice-reaches-new-record-maximum/

___________________________

Antarctic bases turn to renewables - even solar

January 20, 2009

https://www.reuters.com/article/us-antarctica-renewables-idUSTRE50J1X120090120

___________________________

Antarctica's Fin Whale Population Is Rebounding. Here's Why That's a Big Deal

July 12, 2022

Populations of the second-biggest whale on Earth are rebounding in the icy south.

https://www.cnet.com/science/biology/antarcticas-fin-whale-population-is-rebounding-heres-why-thats-a-big-deal/

___________________________

Metamorphic rocks in the Antarctic Peninsula region

2008

https://www.academia.edu/es/3328054/Metamorphic_rocks_in_the_Antarctic_Peninsula_region

___________________________


Neumayer III and Kohnen Station in Antarctica operated by the Alfred Wegener Institute

August 2016

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/306270274_Neumayer_III_and_Kohnen_Station_in_Antarctica_operated_by_the_Alfred_Wegener_Institute

___________________________

Neumayer Glacier

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neumayer_Glacier

___________________________


Neumayer Station II

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neumayer-Station_II

___________________________


Neumayer Station III

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neumayer-Station_III

___________________________


Thurston Island (West Antarctica) Between Gondwana Subduction and Continental Separation: A Multistage Evolution Revealed by Apatite Thermochronology

March 2019

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/330755504_Thurston_Island_West_Antarctica_Between_Gondwana_Subduction_and_Continental_Separation_A_Multistage_Evolution_Revealed_by_Apatite_Thermochronology

___________________________


A revised geochronology of Thurston Island, West Antarctica, and correlations along the proto-Pacific margin of Gondwana

30 August 2016

https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antarctic-science/article/abs/revised-geochronology-of-thurston-island-west-antarctica-and-correlations-along-the-protopacific-margin-of-gondwana/E66C563CA780C7B80AD2EEED8FF5A008

___________________________

 

Thurston Island (West Antarctica) Between Gondwana Subduction and Continental Separation: A Multistage Evolution Revealed by Apatite Thermochronology

30 January 2019

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2018TC005150

___________________________


A revised geochronology of Thurston Island, West Antarctica, and correlations along the proto-Pacific margin of Gondwana

30 August 2016

https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antarctic-science/article/abs/revised-geochronology-of-thurston-island-west-antarctica-and-correlations-along-the-protopacific-margin-of-gondwana/E66C563CA780C7B80AD2EEED8FF5A008

___________________________

Thurston Island

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thurston_Island

___________________________


Is Google Trying To Silence A Dead Antarctic Hero? Rothschild Island Or Latady Island?

Mar 20, 2017

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ImxQ0KgDD90

___________________________

The Pre‐Cenozoic magmatic history of the Thurston Island Crustal Block, west Antarctica

10 July 1993

https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/The-Pre%E2%80%90Cenozoic-magmatic-history-of-the-Thurston-Pankhurst-Millar/cac13e81cabeaee944d9e4bdc4edb4482fedd06e

___________________________


Are We Being Told The Truth About Antarctica? Rothschild Island & More...

Mar 20, 2017

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qdqb_uubYcI

___________________________

Rothschild Island

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rothschild_Island

 

Rothschild Island is a black rugged island 39 kilometres (24 mi) long, mainly ice-covered but surmounted by prominent peaks of Desko Mountains in Antarctica, 8 kilometres (5 mi) west of the north part of Alexander Island in the north entrance to Wilkins Sound.

The island was named in honor after Jacob Rothschild

In the subsequent explorations of the area by the British Graham Land Expedition (BGLE) (c. 1934-1937), the feature was believed to be a mountain connected to Alexander Island. Geologically this might be true—but it has not been proven by any means due to a lack of anything like a complete geological survey of the region.

However, Rothschild Island's insularity was reaffirmed by the United States Antarctic Service (USAS, c. 1939-1941) who photographed and roughly mapped the island from the air.

___________________________


Actual Island Names In Antarctica: Rothschild, Coronation, Delta, Omicron And Deception – EU Central Bank President And WEF’s Head Klaus Schwab Met There In December ‘This Will Change Everything. Everything.’

January 13, 2022

https://www.sgtreport.com/2022/01/actual-island-names-in-antarctica-rothschild-coronation-delta-omicron-and-deception-eu-central-bank-president-and-wefs-head-klaus-schwab-met-there-in-december-this-will/

___________________________

Huge Earthquake Swarm Detected in Antarctica as Inactive Volcano Awakens

4/29/22

https://www.newsweek.com/huge-earthquake-swarm-detected-antarctica-inactive-volcano-awakens-orca-seamount-bransfield-strait-1702115

___________________________

Massive ‘anomaly’ lurks beneath ice in Antarctica

December 29, 2016

https://nypost.com/2016/12/29/massive-anomaly-lurks-beneath-ice-in-antarctica/

___________________________

Electrifying Photos of the Early Age of Antarctic Exploration Found

January 2, 2014

https://www.nationalgeographic.com/adventure/article/131231-antarctica-photographs-aurora-endurance-south-pole

___________________________

List of Antarctic and subantarctic islands

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_and_subantarctic_islands

___________________________

Arctic closure as a trigger for Atlantic overturning at the Eocene-Oligocene Transition

22 August 2019

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-019-11828-z

___________________________

Neodymium isotopic compositions and rare earth element data evidence boundary exchange in the southwestern tropical and equatorial Pacific

21 May 2013

https://www.geotraces.org/neodymium-isotopic-compositions/

___________________________

High resolution of dissolved and particulate barium distributions in the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean reveal the importance of the margin sources on the oceanic Ba budget

6 July 2022

https://www.geotraces.org/barium-atlantic-pacific-ocean-importance-margin-sources-ba-budget/

___________________________


Influence of brine formation on Arctic Ocean circulation over the past 15 million years

02 December 2007

https://www.nature.com/articles/ngeo.2007.5

___________________________

The Arctic: Critical Metals, Hydrogen and Wind Power for the Energy Transition

2019

https://www.ifri.org/sites/default/files/atoms/files/mered_arctic_metals_2019.pdf

___________________________

Reduced Arctic sea ice extent during the mid-Pliocene Warm Period concurrent with increased Atlantic-climate regime

2020

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0012821X20304799

___________________________

Ancient ocean currents may have changed pace and intensity of ice ages

June 26, 2014

https://www.nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=131830

___________________________

Atlantic Water Flow Pathways Revealed by Lead Contamination in Arctic Basin Sediments

17 Aug 2001

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1062167

___________________________

A warm and poorly ventilated deep Arctic Mediterranean during the last glacial period

14 Aug 2015

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.aaa9554

___________________________


Electrowinning of neodymium from a molten oxide-fluoride electrolyte

1994

https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/10116

___________________________

Massive asteroid hit Greenland when it was a lush rainforest, under-ice crater shows

March 15, 2022

https://www.livescience.com/greenland-hiawatha-crater-age

___________________________


The distribution of neodymium isotopes in Arctic Ocean basins

2009

http://www.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A1050190&dswid=-6150

___________________________


Seawater-Particle Interactions of Rare Earth Elements and Neodymium Isotopes in the Deep Central Arctic Ocean

2021

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2021JC017423

___________________________

Decoupling of dissolved and bedrock neodymium isotopes during sedimentary cycling

2018

https://www.geochemicalperspectivesletters.org/article1828/

___________________________

Neodymium isotopes in seawater from the Barents Sea and Fram Strait Arctic–Atlantic gateways

2008

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0016703708001865

___________________________


Seawater-Particle Interactions of Rare Earth Elements and Neodymium Isotopes in the Deep Central Arctic Ocean

15 July 2021

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2021JC017423

___________________________


Controlling factors and impacts of river-borne neodymium isotope signatures and rare earth element concentrations supplied to the Canadian Arctic Archipelago

2021

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012821X21005975

___________________________


Detrital neodymium and (radio)carbon as complementary sedimentary bedfellows? The Western Arctic Ocean as a testbed

2021

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0016703721004968

___________________________

Neodymium

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neodymium

___________________________


Neodymium isotopes trace marine provenance of Arctic sea ice

10 June 2022

https://www.geochemicalperspectivesletters.org/article2220/

___________________________


The distribution of neodymium isotopes in Arctic Ocean basins

2009

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0016703709000933

___________________________


Constraints on the source of reactive phases in sediment from a major Arctic river using neodymium isotopes

2021

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0012821X21001928

___________________________

Greenland-sourced freshwater traced by radiogenic neodymium isotopes and rare earth elements on the North-East Greenland Shelf

2018

https://goldschmidtabstracts.info/2018/1419.pdf

___________________________

Pre-modern Arctic Ocean circulation from surface sediment neodymium isotopes

04 March 2013

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/grl.50188

___________________________

Pathways of Siberian Freshwater and Sea Ice in the Arctic Ocean Traced with Radiogenic Neodymium Isotopes and Rare Earth Elements

December 2017

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322473914_Pathways_of_Siberian_freshwater_and_sea_ice_in_the_Arctic_Ocean_traced_with_radiogenic_neodymium_isotopes_and_rare_earth_elements

___________________________

Neodymium isotopes trace marine provenance of Arctic sea ice

June 2022

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/361216236_Neodymium_isotopes_trace_marine_provenance_of_Arctic_sea_ice

___________________________

Martian core composition from experimental high-pressure metal-silicate phase equilibria

11 May 2022

https://www.geochemicalperspectivesletters.org/article2216/

___________________________

Clay mineralogy, strontium and neodymium isotope ratios in the sediments of two High Arctic catchments (Svalbard)

September 2017

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/319920269_Clay_mineralogy_strontium_and_neodymium_isotope_ratios_in_the_sediments_of_two_High_Arctic_catchments_Svalbard

___________________________

 

Development of new magnet that reduces use of rare-earth element by 30%

April 22, 2022

https://phys.org/news/2022-04-magnet-rare-earth-element.html

___________________________

 

Hudson’s Neodymium magnet mine

February 7, 2012

https://www.mining.com/hudson%E2%80%99s-neodymium-magnet-mine/

___________________________

The distribution of neodymium isotopes in Arctic Ocean basins

2009

https://www.geomar.de/fileadmin/personal/fb1/p-oz/mfrank/Porcelli_et_al_2009.pdf

___________________________

Variations in the neodymium and strontium isotopic composition and REE content of molluscan shells from the Cretaceous Western Interior seaway

Aug 1993

https://experts.illinois.edu/en/publications/variations-in-the-neodymium-and-strontium-isotopic-composition-an

___________________________

 

South Greenland ice-sheet collapse during Marine Isotope Stage 11

2014

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24965655/

___________________________

 

Discrepancies between neodymium, lead and strontium model ages from the Precambrian of southern East Greenland: Evidence for a Proterozoic granulite-facies ev

1992

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0009254110800300

___________________________

 

 

Praseodymium

 
A yellowish-white metallic element of the rare-earth group used especially in alloys and in the form of its salts in coloring glass greenish yellow.

https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/praseodymium

___________________________

Element concentrations, histology and serum biochemistry of arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus) and shorthorn sculpins (Myoxocephalus scorpius) in northwest Greenland

2022 Jan 20

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35065927/

___________________________

Strontium and neodymium isotopic variations in early Archean gneisses affected by middle to late Archean high-grade metamorphic processes: West Greenland and Labrador

January 1, 1986

https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/19860019068

___________________________

Modelling the Hafnium-Neodymium Evolution of Eoarchaean crust

April 2019

https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019EGUGA..21.4683G/abstract

___________________________


Neodymium isotopes as a paleo-water mass tracer: A model-data reassessment

2022

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S027737912200035X

___________________________


Electrowinning neodymium from its oxide in molten fluoride mixture

Apr 05, 1992

https://www.osti.gov/etdeweb/biblio/7165949

___________________________


Trace metals in surface sediments from the Laptev and East Siberian Seas: Levels, enrichment, contamination assessment, and sources

September 2021

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/354950836_Trace_metals_in_surface_sediments_from_the_Laptev_and_East_Siberian_Seas_Levels_enrichment_contamination_assessment_and_sources

___________________________


The Arctic wasteland: a perspective on Arctic pollution

27 October 2009

https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/polar-record/article/abs/arctic-wasteland-a-perspective-on-arctic-pollution/64EB0BA39BA6CCAF7A86EAB7842DAB56

___________________________

Plutonium in lichen communities of the Thule, Greenland region during the summer of 1968

1972

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5012295/

___________________________


Global accounting of PCBs in the continental shelf sediments.

2003

https://europepmc.org/article/MED/12564894

___________________________


Methanogenic communities in permafrost-affected soils of the Laptev Sea coast, Siberian Arctic, characterized by 16S rRNA gene fingerprints

01 February 2007

https://academic.oup.com/femsec/article/59/2/476/553776?login=false

___________________________


Threshold in North Atlantic-Arctic Ocean circulation controlled by the subsidence of the Greenland-Scotland Ridge

2017 Jun 5

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5465373/

___________________________

Evidence for oldest microbes from Arctic Canada

April 21, 2022

https://theorkneynews.scot/2022/05/24/evidence-for-oldest-microbes-from-arctic-canada/

___________________________

Elemental composition and bacterial occurrence in sediment samples on two sides of Brøggerhalvøya, Svalbard

03 February 2015

https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/polar-record/article/abs/elemental-composition-and-bacterial-occurrence-in-sediment-samples-on-two-sides-of-broggerhalvoya-svalbard/12780E170F4637F8756483A60FE7DFE8

___________________________


Source apportionment of methane escaping the subsea permafrost system in the outer Eurasian Arctic Shelf

March 1, 2021

https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2019672118

___________________________

The effect of long-range atmospheric transport of organochlorine compounds by soil studies from Mongolia to the Arctic

February 2016

https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2016DokES.466..169M/abstract

___________________________


Abandoned Greenland: three old settlements that became ghost towns

June 5, 2017

https://www.abandonedspaces.com/uncategorized/abandoned-greenland.html?firefox=1

___________________________


US B-52 nuclear bomber crash in Greenland 51 years ago has ill Danes seeking compensation

June 3, 2019

https://www.foxnews.com/us/us-b-52-nuclear-bomber-crash-in-greenland-51-years-ago-has-ill-danes-seeking-compensation

___________________________


Uranium and Selected Trace Elements in Granites from the Caledonides of East Greenland

1982

https://www.academia.edu/27445443/Uranium_and_Selected_Trace_Elements_in_Granites_from_the_Caledonides_of_East_Greenland

___________________________


Characterization of uranium and plutonium containing particles originating from the nuclear weapons accident in Thule, Greenland, 1968

2004

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0265931X04003297

___________________________


Hudson’s Greenland REE project unaffected by uranium ban

16th November 2021

https://www.miningweekly.com/article/hudsons-greenland-ree-project-unaffected-by-uranium-ban-2021-11-16

___________________________

After 25 Years, Uranium Mining Is Allowed In Greenland

October 28, 2013

Last week the parliament passed the measure by one vote, overturning a ban implemented by the country's former colonial ruler and creating a potentially radical shift in the rare earths market.

https://bigthink.com/surprising-science/after-25-years-uranium-mining-is-allowed-in-greenland/

___________________________

Too Hot to Handle: The Controversial Hunt for Uranium in Greenland in the Early Cold War

21 June 2013

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1600-0498.12020

___________________________

Canadian geologist raises questions about controversial Greenland mining project

January 8, 2021

https://www.rcinet.ca/eye-on-the-arctic/2021/01/08/canadian-geologist-raises-questions-about-controversial-greenland-mining-project/

___________________________

Greenland Minerals begins strategic review post Greenland uranium ban

24 Jan 2022

Greenland Minerals is moving to expand geographical exposure in its assets and diversify its revenue-generating opportunities as it seeks to build a critical metals supply chain.

https://www.proactiveinvestors.com/companies/news/972044/greenland-minerals-begins-strategic-review-post-greenland-uranium-ban-972044.html

___________________________

Greenland and Denmark to agree on uranium in 2014

January 8, 2014

An agreement between Greenland and Denmark governing uranium extraction in the Arctic territory will be in place by the end of the year, the Danish prime minister said on Wednesday.

https://phys.org/news/2014-01-greenland-denmark-uranium.html

___________________________

Greenland, Denmark and the pathway to uranium supplier status

2014

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2214790X14000690

___________________________

French nuclear giant Orano obtains uranium exploration permits in Greenland

January 27, 2021

https://www.kitco.com/news/2021-01-27/French-nuclear-giant-Orano-obtains-uranium-exploration-permits-in-Greenland.html

___________________________

Uranium mining ban reinstated in Greenland

November 11, 2021

https://www.greenleft.org.au/content/uranium-mining-ban-reinstated-greenland

___________________________

Greenland Search for Uranium Approved

 

2021

https://polarjournal.ch/en/2021/02/01/greenland-search-for-uranium-approved/

___________________________


Greenland is divided over uranium mining

27. May 2016

GREENLAND: The question of mining activities has divided Greenlanders into two camps, and the desire for a referendum on the subject is increasing, say researchers.

https://sciencenordic.com/democracy-denmark-greenland-science-special/greenland-is-divided-over-uranium-mining/1433763

___________________________

Greenland says yes to mining but no to uranium

May 7, 2021

Friday 23 April 2021, a new government resumed their seats. The government is formed by the two parties Inuit Ataqatigiit (IA) and Partii Naleraq. New minister for the mineral resources area is Naaja Nathanielsen, who has been a number of Parliament in the years 2009-2016, including being chair of the Parliament Committee for Mineral Resources and Finances. Naaja Nathanielsen has been director of the Greenlandic Department of Prisons and Probation since 2016.

The mineral resources area is very important for the new government in order to diversify the Greenlandic economy to the benefit of all. The government is very keen to see all types of mining projects progress, except uranium. In relation to uranium, the government has already started the work on formulating regulation for the future relation to exploitation of resources containing radioactive elements.

https://govmin.gl/2021/05/greenland-says-yes-to-mining-but-no-to-uranium/

___________________________

Researchers track changes in Greenland ice core dust over the past 100 years

2021

https://www.nipr.ac.jp/english/info/notice/20211109.html

___________________________


Evidence of Earth's ancient magma ocean discovered in Greenland

March 14, 2021

https://www.slashgear.com/evidence-of-earths-ancient-magma-ocean-discovered-in-greenland-14663592

___________________________

A Row Over Rare-Earth Deposits Could Bring Down Greenland's Government

April 6, 2021

https://www.npr.org/2021/04/06/984768012/a-row-over-rare-earth-deposits-could-bring-down-greenlands-government

___________________________

Greenland Minerals sitting on Rare Earths Sleeping Giant

2018

https://www.businessnews.com.au/article/Greenland-Minerals-sitting-on-rare-earths-sleeping-giant

___________________________

Public hearings on a controversial Greenland mine get underway

18 December 2020

https://www.arctictoday.com/public-hearings-on-a-controversial-greenland-mine-get-underway/

___________________________

Mining magnets: Arctic island finds green power can be a curse

March 2, 2021

https://www.reuters.com/article/us-rareearths-greenland-usa-china-insigh-idUSKBN2AU0FM

___________________________


Greenland Minerals says it is focused on rare earths, not uranium

April 9, 2021

https://www.mining.com/web/greenland-minerals-says-it-is-focused-on-rare-earths-not-uranium/

___________________________

Greenland’s Rare-Earth Minerals Make It Trump’s Treasure Island

2019

https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2019-08-28/greenland-s-rare-earth-minerals-make-it-trump-s-treasure-island

___________________________

Greenland rocks provide evidence of Earth formation process

November 8, 2012

Rocks dating back 3.4 billion years from south-west Greenland's Isua mountain range have yielded valuable information about the structure of the Earth during its earliest stages of development. In these rocks, which witnessed the first billion years of Earth's history researchers have highlighted a lack of neodymium-142, an essential chemical element for the study of the Earth's formation. This deficit supports the hypothesis that between 100 and 200 million years after its formation, the Earth was made up of an ocean of molten magma, which gradually cooled.

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2012/11/121108073921.htm

___________________________

Greenland Rejects Huge Rare-Earth Mine in National Elections

April 7, 2021

The Arctic island is a battleground of the future as companies and nations vie to extract its massive deposits of the stuff needed to make F-35 fighter jets, electric cars and smartphones. In a crucial election, Greenlanders voted for a party opposed to the construction of a massive rare-earth mine.

https://www.courthousenews.com/greenland-rejects-huge-rare-earth-mine-in-national-elections/

___________________________



https://www.arctictoday.com/how-geopolitics-is-complicating-two-greenland-rare-earths-mining-projects/

___________________________



https://www.kallanish.com/en/news/power-materials/market-reports/article-details/rare-earth-greenland-minerals-seeks-mine-consultation-with-new-government-0421/

___________________________



https://news.mongabay.com/2021/07/red-carded-australian-miner-signals-intention-to-play-on-in-greenland/

___________________________



https://e360.yale.edu/features/boom_in_mining_rare_earths_poses_mounting_toxic_risks

___________________________



https://www.mining-technology.com/analysis/featuremined-into-extinction-is-the-world-running-out-of-critical-minerals-5776166/

___________________________




https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263370549_ISOTOPIC_COMPOSITION_AND_CONCENTRATION_OF_PLUTONIUM_IN_BOTTOM_SEDIMENTS_OF_THE_GREENLAND_AND_NORWEGIAN_SEAS

___________________________



https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hxoLsWr1Tm4

___________________________




https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/5559151/

___________________________




https://www.academia.edu/81304402/Levels_and_trends_of_radioactive_contaminants_in_the_Greenland_environment

___________________________



https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1010620123678

___________________________




https://nunatsiaq.com/stories/article/65674greenland_offers_to_store_old_nuclear_weapons/

___________________________



https://www.salon.com/2021/08/07/the-us-army-tried-portable-nuclear-power-at-remote-bases-60-years-ago--it-didnt-go-well_partner/

___________________________


https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-wales-58724710

___________________________


https://www.science.org/content/article/trace-seabed-plutonium-points-stellar-forges-heavy-elements

___________________________



https://www.innovations-report.com/life-sciences/report-20463/

___________________________



https://www.irpa.net/irpa10/cdrom/00839.pdf

___________________________



https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0265931X04003297

___________________________


https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0265931X17301200

___________________________


http://www.radiochem.org/en/paper/JN201/jn20101.pdf

___________________________



https://www.upi.com/Science_News/2017/05/08/Plutonium-research-to-aid-nuclear-cleanup-techniques/7961494266901/

___________________________



https://www.deepdyve.com/lp/oxford-university-press/plutonium-in-the-deep-layers-of-the-norwegian-and-greenland-sea-QyTKIF1ItS

___________________________



https://hulk.churchrez.org/sea-ice-that-slowed-the-flow-of-antarctic-glaciers-abruptly-shatters-in-just-3-days/

___________________________





http://trust.vhfdental.com/wiki-https-en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_Antarctic_ice_shelves

___________________________



https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/technology/massive-19-mile-wide-crater-in-greenland-actually-much-older-than-we-thought-study-says/ar-AAUVNEk

___________________________




https://listverse.com/2018/06/16/10-secret-cities-that-were-kept-hidden-from-the-public/

___________________________




https://ir.library.oregonstate.edu/downloads/nz806427p

___________________________



https://wiki2.org/en/List_of_Antarctic_ice_shelves

___________________________



https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/016896229290003S

___________________________



https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1968_Thule_Air_Base_B-52_crash

___________________________




https://antarcticsun.usap.gov/science/1243/

___________________________


https://antarcticsun.usap.gov/science/2629/

___________________________



https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19190700/

___________________________



https://www.earthmagazine.org/article/mysterious-antarctic-algae-blown-high-winds

___________________________


https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/BOT.1999.046/html

___________________________



https://rescuethearcticfoxes.weebly.com/why-the-arctic-fox-is-endangered.html

___________________________



https://buffalonews.com/news/local/antarctic-dinosaurs-reveals-whats-hidden-under-frozen-tundra/article_0ea6fdbc-835b-11ec-91c9-a76a404033dc.html

___________________________



https://cmr.earthdata.nasa.gov/search/concepts/C1214595248-SCIOPS.html

___________________________



https://www.npr.org/2004/01/23/1612988/digging-for-dinosaurs-in-antarctica

___________________________



https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transantarctic_Mountains

___________________________


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mount_Kirkpatrick

___________________________



https://catalog.tadl.org/main/details?id=30425079

___________________________




https://bigseventravel.com/facts-about-mount-vinson-antarctica/

___________________________



https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinson_Massif

___________________________



https://climbingthesevensummits.com/vinson/

___________________________



https://www.liveabout.com/climbing-facts-about-mount-vison-756091

___________________________



https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vinson_Massif

___________________________



https://www.mountainzone.com/climbing/antarctica/

___________________________



https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-59644494

___________________________




https://www.iflscience.com/researchers-drilling-into-antarcticas-ross-ice-shelf-genuinely-surprising-discovery-46439

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https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1166368

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https://en.mercopress.com/2022/04/19/antarctic-sea-ice-reaches-all-time-low-according-to-new-scientific-report

___________________________




https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-021-25706-0

___________________________



https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Global_cooling

___________________________




https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-07-20/antarctic-peninsula-cooled-in-past-two-decades-as-world-warmed#xj4y7vzkg

___________________________




https://www.livescience.com/52831-antarctica-gains-ice-but-still-warming.html

___________________________



https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/annals-of-glaciology/article/snowice-contribution-to-the-structure-of-sea-ice-in-the-amundsen-sea-antarctica/DD59C59BE13F453C6309BEDFB4B57C43

___________________________




http://pal.lternet.edu/docs/bibliography/Public/508lterc.pdf

___________________________



https://acp.copernicus.org/articles/20/5405/2020/

___________________________



https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/gsabulletin/article-abstract/118/5-6/606/125305/Morphology-and-sedimentary-processes-on-the

___________________________



https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4681458/

___________________________



https://nyuscholars.nyu.edu/en/publications/modelling-circumpolar-deep-water-intrusions-on-the-amundsen-sea-c

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https://escholarship.org/uc/item/4qz1s1mn

___________________________



https://www.academia.edu/12676736/Meso_and_macro_zooplankton_community_structure_of_the_Amundsen_Sea_Polynya_Antarctica_Summer_2010_2011_

___________________________



https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.577.4838

___________________________



https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00300-021-02994-2

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https://aslopubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/lno.10565

___________________________



https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1099650

___________________________



https://bg.copernicus.org/articles/16/2683/2019/

___________________________



https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.530.4089

___________________________


https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.1912890117

___________________________


http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/12659/

___________________________


https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1047/srp/srp047/of2007-1047srp047.pdf

___________________________


https://www.carbonbrief.org/guest-post-deciphering-the-rise-and-fall-of-antarctic-sea-ice-extent/

___________________________


https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/geology/article-abstract/37/5/411/29903/Subglacial-bedforms-reveal-complex-basal-regime-in?redirectedFrom=fulltext

___________________________



https://sfamjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1462-2920.12287

___________________________



https://aslopubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/lno.10565

___________________________



https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539617887/

___________________________


https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/447348/

___________________________



https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00867552

___________________________



https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/341126/

___________________________



https://www.natureworldnews.com/articles/50297/20220407/new-links-between-greenhouse-gases-sea-level-rise-found-amundsen.htm

___________________________




https://phys.org/news/2022-04-antarctic-sea-ice-extent-years.html

___________________________



https://www.researchsquare.com/article/rs-1215704/v1

___________________________



https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amundsen_Sea

___________________________



https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00300-021-02994-2

___________________________



http://oceans.mit.edu/JohnMarshall/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/MeltPaper210.29.2020.pdf

___________________________



https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/annals-of-glaciology/article/ocean-heat-flux-under-antarctic-sea-ice-in-the-bellingshausen-and-amundsen-seas-two-case-studies/BB2AA43A0C1E994C2F832CE71144A79E

___________________________



https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2008JC005219

___________________________



https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0967063717300420

___________________________



https://tc.copernicus.org/articles/5/95/2011/tc-5-95-2011.pdf

___________________________




https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0045653520318488

___________________________




http://www.ccpo.odu.edu/~klinck/Reprints/PDF/jacobsJClim1997.pdf

___________________________




https://eprints.glos.ac.uk/4865/

___________________________





https://www.climate-policy-watcher.org/antarctic-sector/bellingshausen-sea-to-ross-sea.html

___________________________





https://www.researchgate.net/publication/49608882_An_improved_bathymetry_compilation_for_the_Bellingshausen_Sea_Antarctica_to_inform_ice-sheet_and_ocean_models

___________________________




https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antarctic-science/article/abs/terrestrial-biota-of-charcot-island-eastern-bellingshausen-sea-antarctica-an-example-of-extreme-isolation/9963099BA5191B65EBFBB3041B546B96

___________________________




https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00300-010-0869-x

___________________________




https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Map-showing-the-thickness-of-the-MCDW-layer-m-size-of-circles-and-its-heat-content-GJ_fig11_351212544

___________________________




https://www.deepdyve.com/lp/springer-journals/hydroid-assemblages-from-the-bellingshausen-sea-antarctica-WVnQMFzIpZ

___________________________




https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17405208/

___________________________



https://www.expeditions.com/itineraries/epic-antarctica

___________________________




https://www.livescience.com/largest-icefish-breeding-colony-discovered-antarctica

___________________________



https://phys.org/news/2022-01-icefish-colony-million-weddell-sea.html

___________________________



https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/annals-of-glaciology/article/seaice-thickness-in-the-weddell-sea-antarctica-a-comparison-of-model-and-upwardlooking-sonar-data/E10A58A633C01F2F33EF492036444568

___________________________



https://www.researchgate.net/publication/348577673_Seasonal_sea-ice_variability_and_its_trend_in_the_Weddell_Sea_sector_of_West_Antarctica

___________________________




https://www.academia.edu/82507915/Chemical_defenses_of_tunicates_of_the_genus_Aplidium_from_the_Weddell_Sea_Antarctica_

___________________________




https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0967064517302485

___________________________




https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-13865-7_22

___________________________




https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31969564/

___________________________



https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/geology/article-abstract/38/5/411/130202/Deglacial-history-of-the-West-Antarctic-Ice-Sheet?redirectedFrom=fulltext

___________________________



https://theoceancleanup.com/scientific-publications/microplastics-in-the-weddell-sea-antarctica-a-forensic-approach-for-discrimination-between-environmental-and-vessel-induced-microplastics/

___________________________



https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/00288330.1969.9515288

___________________________



https://www.pulseheadlines.com/giant-hole-the-size-of-maine-reopens-in-antarcticas-weddell-sea/68026/

___________________________



https://www.academia.edu/es/18800550/Scientific_background_document_in_support_of_the_development_of_a_CCAMLR_MPA_in_the_Weddell_Sea_Antarctica_Version_2014

___________________________



https://www.researchgate.net/publication/353696028_Sea_cucumbers_Echinodermata_Holothuroidea_from_the_JR275_expedition_to_the_eastern_Weddell_Sea_Antarctica

___________________________



https://www.enn.com/articles/63499-benthos-in-the-antarctic-weddell-sea-in-decline

___________________________



https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-42795208

___________________________





Scientist's Terrifying New Underwater Discovery That Changes Everything

Jun 26, 2022

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pQd71faTXck

___________________________




https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Haakon_VII_Sea

___________________________




https://alp.lib.sun.ac.za/bitstream/handle/123456789/7552/results_of_the_fourth_seal_survey_in_the_king_haakon_vii_sea_antarctica.pdf

___________________________




https://alp.lib.sun.ac.za/bitstream/handle/123456789/7385/a_second%20survey%20of%20seals%20in%20the%20King%20Haakon%20VII%20Sea%2C%20Antarctica.pdf

___________________________



https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00239051

___________________________



https://journals.co.za/doi/pdf/10.10520/AJA00382353_4532

___________________________




https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Ocean

___________________________



https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Ocean

___________________________



https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/10-important-facts-you-must-remember-about-the-southern-ocean.html

___________________________



https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-61723806

___________________________




https://par.nsf.gov/servlets/purl/10226098

___________________________



https://www.researchgate.net/publication/354139270_Antarctica_and_the_Southern_Ocean

___________________________




https://phys.org/news/2020-09-coupling-southern-ocean-antarctica-greenhouse.html

___________________________




https://www.researchgate.net/publication/353885225_Formation_of_marine_secondary_aerosols_in_the_Southern_Ocean_Antarctica

___________________________




https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0048969720342972

___________________________




https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jbi.14453?af=R

___________________________




https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25702315/

___________________________




https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2021/11/211123162721.htm

___________________________




https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/2017PA003135

___________________________




https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/ac444e

___________________________




https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11707-022-0971-8

___________________________




https://www.thoughtco.com/the-new-fifth-ocean-1435095

___________________________




https://phys.org/news/2022-04-antarctic-sea-ice-expansion-climate.html

___________________________



https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/2021/01/21/southern-ocean-warming-antarctica/

___________________________



https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Havre_Seamount

___________________________



https://www.wired.com/2012/08/source-of-kermadec-island-pumice-raft-eruption-identified/

___________________________




https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.1701121

___________________________


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3fJfCzmAPAw

___________________________



https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8X7Ng75e5gQ

___________________________





https://www.zmescience.com/science/geology/little-known-2012-volcanic-eruption-actually-largest-century-new-data-shows/

___________________________





https://www.pewtrusts.org/en/projects/protecting-antarcticas-southern-ocean

___________________________




https://www.npolar.no/en/themes/plastic-arctic/

___________________________





https://epic.awi.de/id/eprint/43265/

___________________________




https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277379113004782

___________________________





https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2010.02320.x

___________________________





https://www.cam.ac.uk/stories/sea-ice-controls-ice-sheet-stability

___________________________





https://books.google.com/books/about/The_South_Pole.html?id=FaCqL5GlCD4C

___________________________



https://www.sciencealert.com/june-watched-a-pentagon-of-storms-on-jupiter-evolve-into-a-hexagon

___________________________





https://earth-chronicles.com/space/scientists-have-solved-the-mystery-of-jupiters-hexagonal-storms.html

___________________________





https://astronomy.com/news/2018/09/saturns-hexagon-could-be-an-enormous-tower

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https://earthsky.org/space/odyssey-weird-hexagonal-dune-field-mars/

___________________________




https://www.soulask.com/unnatural-hexagon-structure-spotted-on-mars/

___________________________



https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/news/13037/a-vexing-hexagon/

___________________________



https://www.bibliotecapleyades.net/marte/esp_marte_113.htm

___________________________



https://www.syfy.com/syfy-wire/a-hex-on-neptune

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https://www.abovetopsecret.com/forum/thread1202605/pg1

___________________________



https://www.howandwhys.com/hollow-earth-antarctica-could-be-a-gateway-to-another-world/

___________________________



https://medium.com/the-weird-closet/the-strange-hollow-earth-case-of-admiral-richard-byrd-7469a62264fc

___________________________



https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/agartha-hollow-earth-theory

___________________________



https://www.ancient-code.com/11-reasons-why-the-hollow-earth-actually-exists/

___________________________





https://nypost.com/2020/11/14/youtuber-sparks-theories-after-spotting-dome-covered-antarctica-cave/

___________________________




https://www.newsweek.com/giant-hole-antarctic-ice-2017-1405503

___________________________



https://www.greenmatters.com/p/new-ozone-hole

___________________________



https://www.livescience.com/antarctica-ozone-hole-2021-video

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https://www.b92.net/eng/news/world.php?nav_id=114062

___________________________





https://microbiologycommunity.nature.com/posts/the-biogeography-of-algal-microbiomes-from-the-arctic-to-the-antarctic-4f0051a1-b9d3-4e4a-bdd6-2869dfae262e

___________________________



https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/deep-frozen-arctic-microbes-are-waking-up/

___________________________




https://blogs.esa.int/rosetta/2015/07/01/comet-sinkholes-generate-jets/

___________________________




https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Shetland_Islands
___________________________




https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deception_Island

___________________________




https://www.wildlifeworldwide.com/locations/south-shetland-islands

___________________________




https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2003JB002416

___________________________




https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antarctic-science/article/abs/collembola-fauna-of-the-south-shetland-islands-revisited/98C57EEC3CF238922E2DE85B31733144

___________________________




https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antarctic-science/article/lithostratigraphy-age-and-distribution-of-eocene-volcanic-sequences-on-eastern-king-george-island-south-shetland-islands-antarctica/6F1A40A81EEFC56FCFA5F78EB672861F

___________________________




https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-scotland-north-east-orkney-shetland-54810450

___________________________




https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0169555X11006313

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https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31665101/

___________________________




https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237296935_Southern_elephant_seals_breeding_at_Nelson_Island_South_Shetland_Islands

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https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00300-013-1333-5

___________________________




https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0012821X10007818

___________________________




https://books.google.com/books/about/The_Antarctic_Mosses.html?id=fS3udPTALCYC

___________________________




https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31647398/

___________________________



https://zenodo.org/record/1232673#.Ys4dhITMI2w

___________________________



https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/esp.4565

___________________________




https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF00236989

___________________________





https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heard_Island_and_McDonald_Islands

___________________________




https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WVKK1jgI-TE

___________________________





https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iUWSVRmyIzE

___________________________







https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerguelen_Islands

___________________________





https://gogoaway.com/mysterious-remote-harsh-living-in-the-kerguelen-islands/

___________________________





https://thejerker.com/the-kerguelen-islands-a-volcanic-origin-archipelago-in-the-southern-indian-ocean-geotourism/

___________________________





https://acadie.cheminsdelafrancophonie.org/en/capsules/le-reve-fou-des-iles-kerguelen-2/

___________________________





https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S096706450700015X

___________________________





https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00300-022-03010-x

___________________________




https://www.researchgate.net/publication/225936424_The_significance_of_the_sub-Antarctic_Kerguelen_Islands_for_the_assessment_of_the_vulnerability_of_native_communities_to_climate_change_alien_insect_invasions_and_plant_viruses

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https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/native-plants-of-antarctica.html

___________________________





https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10530-011-9946-5

___________________________





https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2442861/

___________________________





https://conworld.fandom.com/wiki/History_of_the_Kerguelen_Islands

___________________________





https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-57868-0

___________________________





https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23825645/

___________________________





https://sciencepress.mnhn.fr/sites/default/files/articles/pdf/algologie2021v42a12.pdf

___________________________





https://zenodo.org/record/5768791#.Ys4VYoTMI2w

___________________________





https://meetings.ccamlr.org/en/wg-fsa-2021/54

___________________________




https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jbi.14360

___________________________




https://www.afnic.fr/en/observatory-and-resources/news/afnic-hails-the-inscription-of-the-french-southern-and-antarctic-lands-on-the-world-heritage-list/

___________________________




https://www.oldmapsonline.org/en/French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands

___________________________



https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_Southern_and_Antarctic_Lands

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arctic_Circle

___________________________




https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Arctic_circle.svg/1200px-Arctic_circle.svg.png

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https://www.volcanodiscovery.com/bridgeman-island.html

___________________________



https://www.washingtonpost.com/weather/2021/11/23/greenland-ice-melt-2021-recap/

___________________________




https://e360.yale.edu/features/the-hidden-environmental-toll-of-mining-the-worlds-sand

___________________________




https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_effects_of_mining

___________________________




https://www.intelligentliving.co/green-sand/

___________________________



https://www.greensand.com/media/ochtendschuilinguumineralsequestration.pdf

___________________________



https://azgreenmagazine.com/top-environmental-issues-in-canada/

___________________________




https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969722029746

___________________________




https://thenarwhal.ca/topics/environmental-issues-canada/

___________________________




https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Canada

___________________________



https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/the-biggest-environmental-issues-in-canada.html

___________________________



https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2010/10/19/canadian_mining_firms_worst_for_environment_rights_report.html

___________________________



https://www.apexmagnets.com/news-how-tos/true-north-vs-magnetic-north/

___________________________




https://www.geologyin.com/2018/01/17-billion-year-old-chunk-of-north.html

___________________________






SPECIAL REPORT: ‘On thin ice: Rising tensions in the Arctic’

Jul 8, 2022

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kXI_EzOBnOs

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https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32330


-



https://www.nature.com/articles/ngeo2234


-




https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.3402/tellusa.v68.32330


-



https://www.nature.com/articles/s41467-022-28911-7


-

https://www.climatecentral.org/news/new-study-questions-arctic-warming-extreme-weather-links-16375


-

https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/video/arctic-jet-stream-affects-global-climate/



-



https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar_amplification


-

https://www.worldclimateservice.com/2020/11/25/arctic-amplification-and-extreme-weather/



-

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.aay2880

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https://www.nature.com/articles/s41558-019-0662-y

___________________________



https://phys.org/news/2020-02-jet-stream-wavier-arctic.html

___________________________



https://arstechnica.com/science/2021/02/blaming-a-wiggly-jet-stream-on-climate-change-not-so-fast/

___________________________




https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet_stream

___________________________





https://www.geoengineeringwatch.org/jet-stream-manipulation-is-fueling-weather-extremes/

___________________________





https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsta.2014.0170

___________________________



https://scied.ucar.edu/learning-zone/climate-change-impacts/why-polar-vortex-keeps-breaking-out-arctic

___________________________



https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn26278-crazy-weather-traced-to-arctics-impact-on-jet-stream/

___________________________




https://www.severe-weather.eu/global-weather/january-2022-weekly-usa-north-america-cold-weather-forecast-fa/

___________________________




https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00382-015-2833-5

___________________________




https://www.carbonbrief.org/scientists-discuss-how-strongly-a-warming-arctic-is-implicated-in-extreme-weather/

___________________________




https://www.standard.co.uk/news/uk/arctic-warming-cold-weather-uk-jet-stream-a4366531.html

___________________________




https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00382-015-2560-y

___________________________



https://www.inforum.com/weather/weak-jet-stream-likely-to-blame-for-regions-mild-winter-persisting-drought

___________________________




https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1873965217301160

___________________________




https://news.sky.com/story/polar-vortex-what-are-they-and-why-are-they-happening-12219938

___________________________




http://ww2010.atmos.uiuc.edu/(Gh)/guides/mtr/cyc/upa/jet.rxml

___________________________





https://www.dw.com/en/when-the-jet-stream-weakens/av-62097932

___________________________




https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-navigation/article/abs/distribution-of-jet-streams-in-the-north-atlantic-europe-and-the-mediterranean-19578/DC87B90C962F839BFC0B8712352687F5

___________________________





https://electroverse.net/the-changing-jet-stream-and-global-cooling/

___________________________




https://research.noaa.gov/article/ArtMID/587/ArticleID/2606/Healing-ozone-layer-stopped-migration-of-Southern-Hemisphere-winds

___________________________





https://www.optimistdaily.com/2020/03/the-southern-jet-stream-is-moving-back-to-normal-thanks-to-global-efforts/

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https://phys.org/news/2022-02-sediment-cores-ocean-floor-million-year-old.html

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https://phys.org/news/2022-03-european-microplastics-accumulate-arctic-ocean.html

___________________________





https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kXI_EzOBnOs

___________________________




https://eos.org/research-spotlights/detecting-black-carbon-in-the-arctic-atmosphere

___________________________





https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cIYDtQBxTOA

___________________________




Strange Natural Phenomena That Happened On Earth

Sep 10, 2022

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-d3dbBqYKAw

___________________________

Incredible Recent Discoveries in Antarctica!

2020

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lMytqAazDeo

___________________________

Ancient Aliens: Crystal City Discovered Under Antarctica (Season 18) (Controversial)

Sep 28, 2021

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zFEmYxB7LPM

___________________________

Scientist Creepy Discovery Under The Ice Of Antartica Shocked The World!

Sep 9, 2022

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z0v2c8Y1MVI

___________________________


10 Most Mysterious Discoveries Found In Antarctica!

2022

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=61YFiAx0m6c

 

-


--

------

 

 section giant

 

------ 

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/7925221/
https://www.livescience.com/new-anatarctica-map-climate-change.html
https://www.treehugger.com/giant-foot-penguin-discovered-in-antarctica-4864169
https://www.theguardian.com/science/2014/aug/04/giant-penguin-fossil-antarctica
https://arstechnica.com/science/2015/05/a-missing-link-between-prokayotes-and-complex-cells-identified/
https://www.abc.net.au/news/2021-06-14/giant-prehistoric-crocodile-species-identified-in-australia/100207292
http://va.youramys.com/how-big-is-the-worlds-biggest-spider/
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EnZ_g5oBlsU
https://journals.plos.org/plosgenetics/article?id=10.1371/journal.pgen.1009173
https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMc1904905
http://va.youramys.com/how-big-is-the-worlds-biggest-spider/
https://www.sciencenewsforstudents.org/article/giant-antarctic-sea-spiders-breathe-really-strangely
https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0114343
https://phys.org/news/2022-07-huge-groups-fin-whales-ocean.html
https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.0802432105
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4304853/
https://bmcgenomics.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12864-022-08305-1
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yFn7Soe2FG0
https://nau.edu/nau-research/predatory-bacteria/
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gJ115YQCCPk
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6469129/
https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00300-009-0607-4
https://imperialbiosciencereview.com/2021/03/26/demystifying-polar-gigantism-the-oxygen-temperature-hypothesis/
https://www.livescience.com/biggest-freshwater-fish-stingray
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=osbPrUfgzvQ
https://www.microsoftnewskids.com/en-us/kids/animals/why-this-newly-identified-polar-bear-subpopulation-is-so-special/ar-AAYZg5k
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wEhOZJ55Ve8
-
https://polarbearfacts.net/polar-bear-is-the-largest-carnivorous-mammal/
https://www.msn.com/en-us/lifestyle/pets/polar-bears-the-largest-land-carnivores/ar-AAMHEuk
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1LrcTa0dDmw
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.abm3751
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H76VNjmKVJg
https://www.islandssounder.com/news/dwyer-to-discuss-polar-gigantism-in-antarctic-sea-spiders/
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22623187/
http://www.extremescience.com/giant-jellyfish.htm
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4OqUjXEqUtc
https://phys.org/news/2012-11-paleopathologist-gigantism-century-roman-skeleton.html
https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2022578118
https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.0710978105
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-wr0_Xn0eHQ
https://europepmc.org/article/MED/26443258
https://besjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/1365-2435.12152
https://mayoclinic.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/pituitary-gigantism-with-intracerebral-metastases
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CYCW7DI8vn4
https://www.smithsonianmag.com/sponsored/how-precision-medicine-in-neuropsychiatry-will-end-one-size-fits-all-approaches-180980071/?no-cache
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sc69gY-26W4
https://www.upi.com/Health_News/2014/12/04/Duplication-of-gene-on-X-chromosome-causes-gigantism/9681417728122/
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2021/04/210415114108.htm
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/23149111_Acromegaly_and_gigantism_in_the_medical_literature_Case_descriptions_in_the_era_before_and_the_early_years_after_the_initial_publication_of_Pierre_Marie_1886
https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1408028
https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/925446-treatment
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1135260
https://scienceblogs.com/tetrapodzoology/2010/05/14/amphiumas-are-amazing
https://www.livescience.com/56518-gigantism-in-ireland-traced-to-ancient-gene.html
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ePHsEDnlDi0
https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/nih-researchers-link-chromosome-region-gigantism
https://www.thevintagenews.com/2017/08/28/an-egyptian-pharaoh-from-the-third-dynasty-may-be-the-oldest-known-human-with-a-case-of-gigantism/?firefox=1
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7qJ8BjLRJM4
-
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23307306/
https://scitechdaily.com/island-gigantism-and-dwarfism-evolutionary-island-rule-confirmed/
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aNQ1wroGzAY
https://weather.com/science/news/what-polar-gigantism-exactly-what-it-sounds-20140422
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41574-018-0114-1
https://www.upi.com/Health_News/2014/12/04/Duplication-of-gene-on-X-chromosome-causes-gigantism/9681417728122/
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/424606v1
https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Cerebral-gigantism-(Sotos-syndrome)-with-juvenile-Ferrier-Meuron/825e7245c6bf2d073ed810a617525e86ba1ed0e5
https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/6506/index
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK538261/
https://www.abc.net.au/news/science/2018-07-10/new-giant-dinosaur-fossil-discovery-argentina-jurassic-triassic/9950110

https://www.uclahealth.org/medical-services/neurosurgery/pituitary-skull-base-tumor/conditions/pituitary-adenomas/gigantism
https://www.accessscience.com/content/dwarfism-and-gigantism/207150

https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article/97/12/4302/2536330?login=false

https://www.seeker.com/the-land-of-giants-2050423553.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gigantism
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4714876/
https://www.cnn.com/2019/07/12/us/sahara-desert-sea-creatures-catfish-large-scn-trnd/index.html
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2712620/
https://rarediseases.info.nih.gov/diseases/6506/gigantism
https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Comparative+Oxygen+Consumption+of+Gastropod+Holobionts+from+Deep-Sea...-a0562868503

https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/is-there-any-evolutionary/
https://europepmc.org/article/MED/27957391
https://casereports.bmj.com/content/12/5/e229464


https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2020.2085
https://europepmc.org/article/MED/23307306

-
https://www.theguardian.com/science/2019/jul/12/sahara-was-home-to-some-of-largest-sea-creatures-study-finds
https://www.sciencetimes.com/articles/26398/20200709/vatican-hiding-truth-existence-giant-humans.htm
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ItWq4mO60-8

https://www.bartleby.com/questions-and-answers/the-conditions-of-gigantism-and-pituitary-dwarfism-are-extreme-opposite-conditions-of-adult-height.-/d924d5f2-483e-448a-96f7-f5da9363ac43


https://www.yourtango.com/2017300936/why-tall-people-more-likely-die-young

https://www.zmescience.com/science/biology/deep-sea-giant-creature/

https://newatlas.com/environment/supergiant-isopod-new-species/
https://www.msn.com/en-us/weather/topstories/why-are-there-so-many-giants-in-the-deep-sea/ar-AAX2Et2

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28989783/

https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rspb.2019.0124

https://strangesounds.org/2019/08/fukushima-gigantism-real-deep-sea-monsters.html

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-2699.2006.01545.x

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1012336823275
https://academic.oup.com/icb/article/60/6/1438/5861538?login=false
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6401483/
https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/neuroscience/gigantism

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25905378/
https://europepmc.org/article/PMC/6401483
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00207454.2022.2082967






-






https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep-sea_gigantism
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Megafauna

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Island_gigantism

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cephalopod_size
https://phys.org/news/2022-06-reveals-deep-sea-crustacean-genome.html
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deep_sea_creature

https://journals.biologists.com/jeb/article/215/12/1995/10788/Why-might-they-be-giants-Towards-an-understanding


https://mysteriousuniverse.org/2011/05/deep-sea-gigantism-curious-cases-of-mystery-giant-eels/


https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30837339/


https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article-abstract/17/3/377/2717154?login=false

https://www.popsci.com/story/science/animals-adaptations-to-climate-change-and-increased-heat/

https://www.realmofhistory.com/2017/08/07/ancient-egyptian-pharaoh-oldest-giant/








-


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwarfism


https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2013/11/131102095546.htm

https://thehorsesback.com/dwarfism-in-horses/

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28961939/
https://dr.lib.iastate.edu/entities/publication/c8fa2b56-90d7-4eca-9a4b-f2094b5e043e

https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-approves-first-drug-improve-growth-children-most-common-form-dwarfism
https://www.bbc.com/news/health-48580041
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2019/06/190618102710.htm


https://www.standardmedia.co.ke/health/health-science/article/2001374270/medical-interventions-to-manage-dwarfism-boost-victims-development
https://medicalxpress.com/news/2018-12-pathology-dwarfism-treatment.html
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28697878/

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/pharmacology-toxicology-and-pharmaceutical-science/pituitary-dwarfism
https://www.hillspet.com/dog-care/healthcare/understanding-dwarfism-in-dogs

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primordial_dwarfism
https://nyaspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/nyas.14229
http://www.differencebetween.net/science/nature/difference-between-dwarf-and-midget/

https://phys.org/news/2021-06-marine-scale-worm-species-evidence.html

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwarfism_in_chickens

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Insular_dwarfism
https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2012-01-23/biomarin-s-dwarfism-medicine-marks-growth-of-400-000-rare-disease-drugs
https://www.livescience.com/why-deep-sea-animals-are-giants

https://www.ranker.com/list/abyssal-gigantism/colleen-conroy
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwarf

https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article-abstract/15/6/745/2719033?login=false
https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/danvergano/cruel-medical-experiments-on-slaves-were-widespread-in-the-a
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.274.5295.2082
https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/miracle-flights-helps-siblings-with-dwarfism-reach-life-changing-medical-care-far-from-home-301155762.html

https://pjms.org.pk/index.php/pjms/article/view/5502












https://www.hindawi.com/journals/crid/2017/5849173/

https://pets.thenest.com/feline-dwarfism-11803.html

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/jvim.12448
https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/gene-insertion-underlies-origin-dogs-short-legs

https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.0813038106
https://www.businessinsider.in/international/news/dwarfism-discovered-in-the-worlds-tallest-animal-giraffes-stunted-by-a-bone-growth-disorder-can-be-half-the-average-16-ft-height-/articleshow/80301571.cms
https://www.cnn.com/2019/01/09/health/unethical-experiments/index.html

https://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-8012697/Nazi-Josef-Mengeles-choice-specimen-12-year-old-boys-head-planned-dissect-lab.html

https://www.nature.com/articles/330060a0

https://jmg.bmj.com/content/37/12/956

https://jmg.bmj.com/content/38/4/262

https://www.newsweek.com/washington-state-bill-looks-finally-ban-dwarf-tossing-bars-and-strip-clubs-1304827

https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.96.13.7575

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1090023317301119
https://nypost.com/2020/09/28/there-may-be-a-cure-for-dwarfism-but-some-call-it-unethical/

https://www.verywellhealth.com/how-genetic-disorders-are-inherited-2860737
https://www.scienceabc.com/nature/animals/does-dwarfism-occur-in-animals.html
https://sitn.hms.harvard.edu/flash/2016/im-xy-know-sex-determination-systems-101/
https://www.biorxiv.org/content/10.1101/2020.01.06.896258v3


https://www.thetech.org/ask-a-geneticist/inheriting-dwarfism

https://spectrumnews1.com/oh/columbus/news/2021/10/28/brother-and-sister-with-dwarfism-work-to-debunk-misconceptions-about-their-genetic-condition-

https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsbl.2017.0617
https://academic.oup.com/endo/article/154/4/1476/2423447?login=false

https://www.healthgrades.com/right-care/endocrinology-and-metabolism/endocrine-disorders

https://europepmc.org/article/MED/28697878

https://scienceblogs.com/notrocketscience/2009/07/16/the-copied-gene-that-gave-dachshunds-and-corgis-their-short
https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/19/5/1433



https://www.businessinsider.com/laron-syndrom-anti-aging-ecuador-fasting-mimicking-diet-2016-8?op=1

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s13258-017-0525-8
https://www.sciencenews.org/article/new-hominid-species-homo-luzonensis-philippines

https://vittana.org/12-pros-and-cons-of-gene-therapy
https://www.sciencenews.org/article/racial-bias-race-us-patient-medical-notes-chart-records

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00439-014-1443-3

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dwarfing
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foster%27s_rule
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achondroplasia
https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/connective-tissue-disorders-in-children/osteochondrodysplasias-osteochondrodysplastic-dwarfism

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.274.5295.2082
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3566260/
https://news.usc.edu/71654/2014-usc-weird-science/



http://www.differencebetween.net/science/health/difference-between-horizontal-nystagmus-and-vertical-nystagmus/

------

 

 Section Russia

 

 -


Russia's Hephaestus mud volcano erupts chucking muck hundreds of meters (VIDEO)

25 Feb 2018

https://www.sott.net/article/378402-Russias-Hephaestus-mud-volcano-erupts-chucking-muck-hundreds-of-meters-VIDEO

-


A Manmade Volcano over Norilsk

July 12, 2017

In global satellite observations of sulfur dioxide (SO2), several sources of the polluting gas stand out. Dozens of volcanoes spit out plumes of it during explosive and effusive eruptions; the gas also seeps more or less continuously from dozens of other volcanoes that are not actively erupting in a process scientists call passive degassing. And nearly 300 coal-fired powered plants, dozens of gas and oil sites, and more than 50 smelting facilities emit streams of sulfur dioxide large enough to be detected from space.

But of all the manmade (anthropogenic) sources, one location really sticks out: Norilsk. This industrial city of 175,000 people in northern Siberia has several mines that tap into one of the largest nickel, copper, platinum, and palladium deposits on Earth. And all of the smelting—the extraction of usable metal from ore by grinding it up and melting it—that happens there has made it into one of the largest sources of sulfur dioxide detectable by satellites.

https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/92246/a-manmade-volcano-over-norilsk

-



-



-
What they Captured in a River Shocked the Whole World

Aug 1, 2022

16:25 - Techa  River

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YBWyw7VVXsk
 
-


--
How The Russian Navy Disposed Of 100 Nuclear Submarines | The End Of Red October | Timeline

Feb 8, 2022

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZZIReklSaL4


--

Black Gold: The War For Soviet Oil | War Factories | Timeline

Aug 28, 2021  

The story of the discovery and exploitation of the Baku Oilfields in the Russian Caucasus, which forced Stalin and Hitler to face-off in the battle of Stalingrad.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ey_90U9i8ms

-

These Bizarre Soviet Documents Reveal The Most Horrifying Secrets

Jul 29, 2022  

No one knows, probably not even the Russian government, exactly how many people perished as a result of the many purges, labor camps, and other punishments that occurred during the life of the Soviet Union, which existed from 1917 - 1991. Reliable estimates have put the number over ten million, and perhaps as high as twenty million or more. Most, but certainly not all of those deaths occurred during the reign of Josef Stalin, a genius in the exercise of raw power, but otherwise, a paranoid megalomaniac with few equals in history. In today's video, we are going to tell you about some of the other terrible events that occurred during the life of the Soviet Union, or USSR.

In the mid-1980s, Mikhail Gorbachev, a communist reformer, became Premier of the Soviet Union. When he came to power, he understood two things almost immediately: that the Soviet economy needed to be restructured and people allowed more economic freedom, and that many people were dissatisfied with life in the USSR, but did not dare speak of it for fear of government repression. Knowing that this fear and dissatisfaction was liable, sooner rather than later, to spill over into public discontent, protest, and perhaps more, Gorbachev instituted the policy of “glasnost”, or “openness”, which allowed people more freedom to speak their minds.

This also held true, to a certain extent, for members of the government and its many organs. The immediate spur to “glasnost” was the awful events that took place at the Chernobyl nuclear plant in Ukraine – then a part of the USSR. Attempting to keep the radiation leak secret from their own people and the world, the Soviets finally had to admit they had a very large problem at Chernobyl, and this was partly caused by people's fear to speak up about problems there and in the aftermath of the nuclear disaster.

From Soviet diplomats being kept hostage to Stalin's psychiatric hospitals, to the Chernobyl mess up! We've it all covered in our video!

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5a1VuaYubDc

-



Secret Earth - The Dark Side Of Google Earth

Nov 15, 2021

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YM_TDWankJc


-




The Dark History Of The Soviet War Machine | War Factories | Timeline

Aug 21, 2021

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fcpUdhj-9A8

-

Russia's most FEARED criminal (*MATURE AUDIENCES ONLY*)

Mar 12, 2022  

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8NaHaRS0_DA

-

The Breakup of the Soviet Union Explained

May 1, 2020

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t2GmtBCVHzY

-

The Real Battle Royale - Nazino Island Tragedy (1933)

Nov 2, 2021

On May 18th 1933, on the direct orders of Stalin himself, 5000 men and women arrived at Nazino, a small isolated island on the River Orb, deep in the remote and barren wilderness of Western Siberia. Within a matter of weeks, 4000 of them would either just die from exposure, disappear, drown or be eaten. This was the real life Battle Royale.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=imwsyae00p8

-

Siberia's Incredible 1,300 Year Old Mystery Fortress

May 5, 2022

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SAczNdysnsc

-

Soviet Secret Cities: Entire Cities Hidden from The World

Aug 5, 2022

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AyYBcMv6614

-

Activation of old carbon by erosion of coastal and subsea permafrost in Arctic Siberia

29 August 2012

https://www.nature.com/articles/nature11392



-

Metal concentrations in Kandalaksha Bay, White Sea (Russia) following the spring snowmelt

2006

https://www.academia.edu/17460188/Metal_concentrations_in_Kandalaksha_Bay_White_Sea_Russia_following_the_spring_snowmelt

-

Russia: A small town clings to its Soviet past | DW Documentary

Mar 29, 2022

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=48DaLYiO-yk

-

Sons of Russia: The people fighting Putin's war in Ukraine | Full Episode | SBS Dateline

May 10, 2022

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7dYXYI8PdCE

-

Generation Putin | DW Documentary

Aug 23, 2020

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lAjruwb-yms

-

Why the Soviet Computer Failed

Jul 7, 2022

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dnHdqPBrtH8

-

These Places Shouldn't Exist on Earth But They Damn Well DO

Sep 14, 2020

7:20 - Lake Karachay

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wmN70BdOycc


-

These Places Shouldn’t Exist On Earth But They Damn Well DO! - Part 2

Jul 19, 2021

18:50 -  Desert Boat Graveyard (Myunak, Uzbekistan)

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7v7HRlvdgrQ  


-

Russia's rise in conservative family values | Unreported World

Oct 4, 2017

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zpdkDZIkMbg


-

Strange Places On Earth That Seem Scientifically Impossible

Aug 20, 2022

14:40 - Patomskiy Crater, Siberia

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4PAuT9nqO3c


-

Islands That AREN'T Actually Islands

May 6, 2022

2:02 - Lake Baikal

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4OqUjXEqUtc

-



https://townhall.com/tipsheet/spencerbrown/2022/03/09/russias-propaganda-war-on-fossil-fuels-n2604243

-

Russia's Hephaestus mud volcano erupts chucking muck hundreds of meters (VIDEO)

25 Feb 2018

https://www.sott.net/article/378402-Russias-Hephaestus-mud-volcano-erupts-chucking-muck-hundreds-of-meters-VIDEO

-

Submarine landslides along the Siberian termination of the Lomonosov Ridge, Arctic Ocean

2021

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169555X21000878


-

Why Does Russia Own This Old Piece of Germany?

Jun 16, 2022

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b2f9Zf-MDtU

-

Russia finds 'new bacteria' in Antarctic lake

March 7, 2013

Russian scientists believe they have found a wholly new type of bacteria in the mysterious subglacial Lake Vostok in Antarctica, the RIA Novosti news agency reported on Thursday.

https://phys.org/news/2013-03-russia-bacteria-antarctic-lake.html

-


Scientist's Terrifying New Underwater Discovery That Changes Everything

Jun 26, 2022

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pQd71faTXck

--

Marine Benthic Algae of the Russian Coasts of the Bering Sea (from Ozernoi Gulf to Dezhnev Bay, including Karaginskii Island)

2002

https://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/constancea/83/selivanova/Selivanova.html

-


Siberian Wildfires Doubly Dangerous to Distracted Russia

May 21, 2022

https://www.yourearth.net/siberian-wildfires-doubly-dangerous-to-distracted-russia/

-


The Mystery Of The Giant Object Underneath The Baltic Sea | The Mystery Beneath | Progress

Jun 12, 2022

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E8eLaxgeTgY


-

Separating individual contributions of major Siberian rivers in the Transpolar Drift of the Arctic Ocean

15 April 2021

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-021-86948-y


-


https://allthatsinteresting.com/leonid-rogozov


-


Improved Pleistocene sediment stratigraphy and paleoenvironmental implications for the western Arctic Ocean off the East Siberian and Chukchi margins

05 July 2018

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s41063-018-0057-8


-

15 Unexplored Corners of the Earth

May 15, 2015

3. Kamchatka, Russia

9. Sakha Republic, Russia

https://www.mentalfloss.com/article/63902/15-unexplored-corners-earth


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-

Russia blocks a proposal for a marine protection area in Antarctica's Ross Sea

29 Oct 2015

Russia has blocked a proposal to protect a unique marine environment in Antarctica at an international meeting in Hobart.

Five times diplomats from 25 nations have gathered to try to protect the pristine Antarctic waters of the Ross Sea and they have failed on each occasion.

The proposal would create an enormous marine sanctuary comprising 1.5 million square kilometres.

Australian scientists say the area supports important ecosystems and contains distinctive deep water flora and fauna.

It is also an important breeding ground for the endangered blue whale.

But the final day of the 34th meeting of the Commission for Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR) in Hobart the proposal again fell through...

https://www.abc.net.au/news/2015-10-30/russia-blocks-ross-sea-marine-protection-area/6899890


-

Predural Depression Structures in the Arctic Urals Magnetic Field

02 February 2019

https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-319-97670-9_45


-

Arctic sea ice melt season is now underway, but not as strong as in recent years, except in the Siberian region

09/06/2021

https://www.severe-weather.eu/global-weather/arctic-sea-ice-melt-season-2021-june-fa/


-
Russian scientists say they’ve found the highest-ever ‘flares’ of methane in Arctic waters

October 12, 2019

 Russian scientists studying Arctic waters found the most powerful ever methane jets shooting up from the seabed to the water’s surface, they said Friday.

Igor Semiletov, the chief scientist aboard a vessel carrying 65 scientists on a 40-day research voyage, told CNN via satellite phone that he found amounts of methane in the air over the East Siberian Sea up to nine times the global average.

https://www.cnn.com/2019/10/12/us/arctic-methane-gas-flare-trnd/index.html


-



-

Hokkaido sea urchin and salmon decimated amid rare red tide

https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Food-Beverage/Hokkaido-sea-urchin-and-salmon-decimated-amid-rare-red-tide

-


Harmful algal blooms and associated fisheries damage in East Asia: Current status and trends in China, Japan, Korea and Russia

2020

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1568988320300676

-


How The Russian Navy Disposed Of 100 Nuclear Submarines | The End Of Red October | Timeline

Feb 8, 2022

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZZIReklSaL4

-


Scientist's Terrifying New Discovery Under Siberia That Changes Everything!

Jun 29, 2022

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a7DEgV8lVSA

-

NEWS: Mysterious Siberian crater attributed to methane

1 Aug 2014

http://arp.arctic.ac.uk/news/2014/aug/1/news-mysterious-siberian-crater-attributed-methane/index.html


-

Harmful algal blooms and associated fisheries damage in East Asia: Current status and trends in China, Japan, Korea and Russia

2020

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1568988320300676


-


Torsion: The Key to the Theory of Everything

March 5, 2012

https://blog.world-mysteries.com/science/torsion-the-key-to-theory-of-everything/


-

Algae that killed off marine life in Hokkaido from Russia

October 24, 2021

https://www.asahi.com/ajw/articles/14467200



-

Perhaps World’s Largest Methane Leak Traced to Russian Coal Mine

June 18, 2022

https://www.ecowatch.com/methane-leak-russia-coal-mine.html

-

Nornickel: Russia probes new pollution at Arctic mining firm

29 June 2020

https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-53218708


-


Neodymium concentrations and isotopes help disentangling Siberian river influences on the Arctic Ocean

5 May 2021

https://www.geotraces.org/neodymium-siberian-river-influences/



-

Russia’s new lithium mine will harm Arctic ecosystems and Indigenous people, Sámi activist warns

June 14, 2022

https://www.arctictoday.com/russias-new-lithium-mine-will-harm-arctic-ecosystems-and-indigenous-people-sami-activist-warns/


-

Russia’s Push To Mine Arctic Metals Is Fueled By Nuclear Power

Dec 04, 2021

https://oilprice.com/Energy/Energy-General/Russias-Push-To-Mine-Arctic-Metals-Is-Fueled-By-Nuclear-Power.html


-

Russia’s Rosatom Plans to Launch Lithium Mines in Siberia, Arctic

August 5, 2021

https://www.e-mj.com/breaking-news/russias-rosatom-plans-to-launch-lithium-mines-in-siberia-arctic/


-

A Manmade Volcano over Norilsk

July 12, 2017

In global satellite observations of sulfur dioxide (SO2), several sources of the polluting gas stand out. Dozens of volcanoes spit out plumes of it during explosive and effusive eruptions; the gas also seeps more or less continuously from dozens of other volcanoes that are not actively erupting in a process scientists call passive degassing. And nearly 300 coal-fired powered plants, dozens of gas and oil sites, and more than 50 smelting facilities emit streams of sulfur dioxide large enough to be detected from space.

But of all the manmade (anthropogenic) sources, one location really sticks out: Norilsk. This industrial city of 175,000 people in northern Siberia has several mines that tap into one of the largest nickel, copper, platinum, and palladium deposits on Earth. And all of the smelting—the extraction of usable metal from ore by grinding it up and melting it—that happens there has made it into one of the largest sources of sulfur dioxide detectable by satellites.

https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/92246/a-manmade-volcano-over-norilsk



-


Siberia’s Permafrost Is Exploding. Is Alaska’s Next?

April 02, 2015

https://slate.com/technology/2015/04/exploding-methane-holes-in-siberia-linked-to-climate-change-is-alaska-next.html



-

One of the Most Polluted Places on Earth Is in the Russian Arctic

04/12/2021

https://science.thewire.in/external-affairs/world/one-of-the-most-polluted-places-on-earth-is-in-the-russian-arctic/



-

Seismic tremor reveals active trans-crustal magmatic system beneath Kamchatka volcanoes

2 Feb 2022

https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.abj1571


-


Response of methanogenic archaea to Late Pleistocene and Holocene climate changes in the Siberian Arctic

2013

https://orgprints.org/id/eprint/22247/


-

Russian nuclear power plant afloat in Arctic causes anxiety across Bering Strait

August 9, 2019

https://www.ktoo.org/2019/08/09/russian-nuclear-power-plant-afloat-in-arctic-causes-anxiety-across-bering-strait/


-


In Russia, Coal Is Still King. And The Government Wants Even More.

December 02, 2021

https://www.rferl.org/a/russia-coal-mining-environment-safety/31590889.html


-

Blast at Russian missile testing site: Radiation levels up to 16 times the norm at nearby town, says country's weather service

August 13, 2019

https://www.firstpost.com/world/blast-at-russian-missile-testing-site-radiation-levels-up-to-16-times-the-norm-at-nearby-town-says-countrys-weather-service-7158871.html


-

Massive Sinkhole Might Swallow Up Russian Mining Town

November 26th, 2014

On November 18, giant sinkhole measuring 100 ft across was discovered about two miles away from a mine in Russia’s Perm region. The gaping chasm is believed to have already swallowed up several homes and locals in Solikamsk now fear that the same could happen to their whole town.

The hole is believed to have appeared after the nearby Solikamsk-2 mine was flooded. Luckily, workers were evacuated and operations were halted before the appearance of the chasm, because of the inflow of saline water. Thousands of miners have now been asked to stay away as geologists assess the situation.

https://www.odditycentral.com/news/massive-sinkhole-might-swallow-up-russian-mining-town.html



-

Nyonoksa radiation accident

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nyonoksa_radiation_accident

The Nyonoksa radiation accident, Arkhangelsk explosion or Nyonoksa explosion occurred on 8 August 2019 near Nyonoksa, a village under the administrative jurisdiction of Severodvinsk, Arkhangelsk Oblast, Russian Federation. Five military and civilian specialists were killed and three (or six, depending on the source) were injured.


-

In the Russian Arctic, One of the Most Polluted Places on Earth

11.29.2021

Pollution from Norilsk Nickel has plagued a remote town for decades. Now the smelting company says it can go green.

Top: Norilsk Nickel produces more sulfur dioxide than any other human enterprise, on par with emissions from active volcanoes. The company has started construction on a $4.1 billion project that it says will reduce sulfur dioxide air pollution 90 percent by 2025. Visual: Norilsk Nickel...

https://undark.org/2021/11/29/ecocide-norilsk/


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Kyshtym disaster

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kyshtym_disaster

The Kyshtym disaster, sometimes referred to as the Mayak disaster or Ozyorsk disaster in newer sources, was a radioactive contamination accident that occurred on 29 September 1957 at Mayak, a plutonium production site for nuclear weapons and nuclear fuel reprocessing plant located in the closed city of Chelyabinsk-40 (now Ozyorsk) in Chelyabinsk Oblast, Russian SFSR, Soviet Union.

The disaster is the third-worst nuclear incident (by radioactivity released) after the Chernobyl disaster and the Fukushima Daiichi disaster. It measured as a Level 6 disaster on the International Nuclear Event Scale (INES), making it the third-highest on the INES (which ranks by population impact), behind the Chernobyl disaster, which resulted in the evacuation of 335,000 people, and the Fukushima Daiichi disaster, which resulted in the evacuation of 154,000 people; the Chernobyl disaster and the Fukushima Daiichi disaster are both Level 7 disasters on the INES. At least 22 villages were exposed to radiation from the Kyshtym disaster, with a total population of around 10,000 people evacuated. Some were evacuated after a week, but it took almost two years for evacuations to occur at other sites.

The disaster spread hot particles over more than 52,000 square kilometres (20,000 sq mi), where at least 270,000 people lived.[6] Since Chelyabinsk-40 (later renamed Chelyabinsk-65 until 1994) was not marked on maps, the disaster was named after Kyshtym, the nearest known town.

-


Russian Nuclear Sub Wreck's Radiation 100K Higher Than Normal, Scientists Say

July 10, 2019

https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2019/07/10/russian-nuclear-sub-wrecks-radiation-100k-higher-than-normal-scientists-say-a66341



-

Shore Erosion in Russian Arctic

April 26, 2012

https://ascelibrary.org/doi/abs/10.1061/40621%28254%2963


-


Radiation levels at Russian test site spiked up to 16 times above normal after explosion

August 13, 2019

https://www.foxnews.com/world/russia-radiation-nuclear-cruise-missile-accident-evacuation



-

12 PEOPLE DEAD: Rocket Fuel? Poison? // Arylakh Tragedy – Soviet Mysteries

Sep 30, 2021  

In the Russian Far East lies the country’s largest region – Yakutia. There, in 1977 twelve members of two simple farmer families started dying one after another. To this day we know virtually nothing about the actual causes of the incident, and each version of events is more absurd than the other...

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vik0vPpethU


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Radiation levels near this Siberian village were 1,000 times above normal last fall. But no one worried much (Khudaiberdynsk, Russia)

Feb. 16, 2018

For decades the Techa River was used by the Mayak nuclear plant to dump radioactive wastes. It has resulted in serious contamination of the water and its banks.

https://www.latimes.com/world/europe/la-fg-russia-mayak-20180216-story.html



-


GET AWAY FROM THE EDGE: The deepest, darkest holes on the planet including the ‘Door to Hell’ and Devil’s Sinkhole

29 Aug 2019

THE deepest hole on Earth drops 40,000 feet below the surface and was part of an abandoned Soviet experiment.

But the Kola Superdeep Borehole is just one of the world's deepest darkest pits — many of which have a sinister history of swallowing people up.

https://www.thesun.co.uk/news/9803974/deepest-darkest-places-door-hell-toxic-mine/


-

Russia’s Arctic Development: Problems and Priorities

12 January 2018

https://geohistory.today/russia-arctic-development-power/


-

Soil Erosion on the Yamal Peninsula (Russian Arctic) due to Gas Field Exploitation

September 1996

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267392131_Soil_Erosion_on_the_Yamal_Peninsula_Russian_Arctic_due_to_Gas_Field_Exploitation


-



Russia investigates new pollution at Arctic mining firm

June 30, 2020

Russian officials are investigating mining company Nornickel for pumping waste water from one of its processing plants into nearby Arctic countryside.

https://www.mining-technology.com/uncategorised/russia-investigates-new-pollution-at-arctic-mining-firm/



-

12 PEOPLE DEAD: Rocket Fuel? Poison? // Arylakh Tragedy – Soviet Mysteries

32,419 views  Sep 30, 2021

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vik0vPpethU



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Assessing the level of chromosome aberrations in peripheral blood lymphocytes in long-term resident children under conditions of high exposure to radon and its decay products*****

2015

https://academic.oup.com/mutage/article/30/5/677/1046201?login=false


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Isotope geochemical features of occurrence of low-radon waters «inskie springs» (South-Western Siberia)

2021

https://research.nsu.ru/en/publications/%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5-%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8-%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%8F%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F-%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%85-%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4-



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Trace gas measurements along the Trans-Siberian railroad: The TROICA 5 expedition

25 July 2002

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2001JD000953


-


[Estimation of doses of irradiation with radon-222 and its degradation products in adults of Tomsk]

2005

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16276988/

-


Melting permafrost could expose millions to invisible cancer-causing gas

5.23.2022

Inside the race against radon.

https://www.inverse.com/science/permafrost-melt-radon-cancer


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Hydrogeochemistry and stable isotopes in radon-rich thermal waters of Belokurikha (Altai, Russia)

27 Jun 2022

https://research.nsu.ru/en/publications/hydrogeochemistry-and-stable-isotopes-in-radon-rich-thermal-water


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Lymphocytes with multiple chromosomal damages in a large cohort of West Siberia residents: Results of long-term monitoring

2015 Dec 18

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26731314/


-


Russian Kindergarten Inspection Uncovers High Levels of Radioactive Gas

9/3/19

https://www.newsweek.com/russia-radon-radioactive-siberia-1457397


-

Radon-rich waters in Russia

08 August 2003

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00254-003-0857-3


-

A five-year review of Russia’s efforts to address its radiation hazards

December 3, 2020

One of Russia’s most pivotal programs for addressing radiation hazards turned 5 years old last month, marking a time for scientists, industry experts and members of the public to assess the progress that’s been made in containing some of the country’s most acute areas of contamination...

https://bellona.org/news/nuclear-issues/2020-12-a-five-year-review-of-russias-efforts-to-address-its-radiation-hazards



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Welcome to penal colony YaG 14/10. Now the home of one of Russia's richest men

24 Oct 2005

Billionaire gets six years in Siberia Border region

https://www.theguardian.com/world/2005/oct/25/russia.tomparfitt



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Hydrogeochemistry and stable isotopes in radon-rich thermal waters of Belokurikha (Altai, Russia)

June 2022

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/361577344_Hydrogeochemistry_and_stable_isotopes_in_radon-rich_thermal_waters_of_Belokurikha_Altai_Russia



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A Precarious Situation in the Uranium Mines of Siberia

2002

https://cpb-us-e1.wpmucdn.com/sites.dartmouth.edu/dist/0/2024/files/2008/04/uranium.pdf


-


Scientists fear more lung cancer as radon is released from thawing permafrost

May 04, 2021

Scientists from the Russian Academy of Sciences hypothesize that as the melting of the permafrost becomes more prevalent, so will the incidence of lung cancer.

https://thebarentsobserver.com/en/climate-crisis/2021/05/scientists-fear-more-lung-cancer-radon-released-thawing-permafrost



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[Radiation doses in children of the Tomsk region during inhalation of radon-222]

2004

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15318619/


-

Monitoring of radionuclides in the natural waters of Novosibirsk, Russia

2021

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2352801X21001314



-

Estimation of nocturnal222Rn soil fluxes over Russia from TROICA measurements**
2013

https://acp.copernicus.org/articles/13/11695/2013/acp-13-11695-2013.pdf


-

Hydrogeology and hydrogeochemistry of the Zaeltsovsko‐Mochishchensky zone of radon waters in the southern West Siberia

1 Jan 2018

https://research.nsu.ru/en/publications/hydrogeology-and-hydrogeochemistry-of-the-zaeltsovskomochishchens


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THE STUDY OF DISSOLVED HELIUM AND RADON CONCENTRATIONS IN GROUNDWATERS OF SOUTHERN PRIBAIKALIE IN CONNECTION WITH SEISMIC PROCESSES

(Mar 2020)

https://doaj.org/article/4817429cf36843a7a48f10e348f2b952


-

How Permafrost Thaw Puts the Russian Arctic at Risk

2021

https://theglobalobservatory.org/2021/11/how-permafrost-thaw-puts-the-russian-arctic-at-risk/



-

Hydrogeochemistry and stable isotopes in radon-rich thermal waters of Belokurikha (Altai, Russia)

2022

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35761131/


-

The Transpolar Drift conveys methane from the Siberian Shelf to the central Arctic Ocean

14 March 2018

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-22801-z



-

Hydrogeochemistry and stable isotopes in radon-rich thermal waters of Belokurikha (Altai, Russia)

27 June 2022

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11356-022-21640-w


-

A multimethod dating study of ancient permafrost, Batagay megaslump, east Siberia

15 June 2021

https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/quaternary-research/article/multimethod-dating-study-of-ancient-permafrost-batagay-megaslump-east-siberia/A9EF8CD9E70A048C45ECF590A49D892D



-

Warmth Pouring Out of Siberia Sends Arctic Sea Ice Plummeting to Second Lowest Extent on Record

Sep 21, 2020

https://www.discovermagazine.com/environment/warmth-pouring-out-of-siberia-sends-arctic-sea-ice-plummeting-to-second


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Hydrogeology and hydrogeochemistry of the «Kamenskoe» field of radon-rich waters (Novosibirsk)

2021

https://research.nsu.ru/en/publications/%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F-%D0%B8-%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F-%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F-%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%8B%D1%85-%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B4-%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA



-

Hydrogeochemistry and stable isotopes in radon-rich thermal waters of Belokurikha (Altai, Russia)

27 Jun 2022

https://research.nsu.ru/en/publications/hydrogeochemistry-and-stable-isotopes-in-radon-rich-thermal-water/fingerprints/?sortBy=alphabetically



-

Radiological Materials in Russia

Jun 30, 2004

https://www.nti.org/analysis/articles/radiological-materials-russia/



-

Radon concentration in groundwater sources of the Baikal region (East Siberia, Russia)

2019

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0883292719302513


-

 
Estimation of nocturnal 222Rn soil fluxes over Russia from TROICA measurements

June 2013

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/258738964_Estimation_of_nocturnal_222Rn_soil_fluxes_over_Russia_from_TROICA_measurements


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-



-


-







East Siberian Sea


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Siberian_Sea


-

Regional distribution of PCBs and presence of technical PCB mixtures in sediments from Norwegian and Russian Arctic Lakes

2003

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0048969702004862


-

Distribution and Inventories of Polychlorinated Biphenyls in the Polar Mixed Layer of Seven Pan-Arctic Shelf Seas and the Interior Basins

2011

https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/es103542f


-

The Spatial Distribution of Plankton Picocyanobacteria on the Shelf of the Kara, Laptev, and East Siberian Seas

26 February 2020

https://link.springer.com/article/10.3103/S0096392519040011


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-

Geographical distribution of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in polar bears (Ursus maritimus) in the Norwegian and Russian Arctic

2003

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0048969702004904


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A suspected toxic spill in Russia's Far East has killed 95% of marine life on the seabed

October 7, 2020

https://www.cnn.com/2020/10/07/asia/russia-kamchatka-toxic-marine-life-death-intl/index.html


-


Assessment of mercury levels in modern sediments of the East Siberian Sea

2021

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0025326X21004604


-

Mass Budget of Methylmercury in the East Siberian Sea: The Importance of Sediment Sources

July 2020

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342920124_Mass_Budget_of_Methylmercury_in_the_East_Siberian_Sea_The_Importance_of_Sediment_Sources


-

Ferromanganese nodules from the East Siberian Sea near Bennett Island

03 November 2017

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1134/S0001437017050022


-

The current state of submarine island relicts on the East Siberian shelf

2007

https://www.deepdyve.com/lp/springer-journals/the-current-state-of-submarine-island-relicts-on-the-east-siberian-xka7ymrmAk


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East Siberian Arctic background and black carbon polluted aerosols at HMO Tiksi

2018 Nov 12

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30577143/


-

Acidification of East Siberian Arctic Shelf waters through addition of freshwater and terrestrial carbon

18 April 2016

https://www.nature.com/articles/ngeo2695


-

A Massive Methane Reservoir Is Lurking Beneath the Sea

May 02, 2021

Methane bubbles regularly reach the surface of the Laptev Sea in the East Siberian Arctic Ocean (ESAO), each of them a small blow to our efforts to mitigate climate change. The source of the methane used to be a mystery, but a joint Swedish-Russian-U.S. investigation recently discovered that an ancient gas reservoir is responsible for the bubbly leaks...

https://www.ecowatch.com/laptev-sea-methane-2652853420.html


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The effect of estuarine system on the meiofauna and nematodes in the East Siberian Sea

2021 Sep 29

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8481313/


-

'Unprecedented' Siberian Oil Spill Reaches Arctic Glacial Lake

June 9, 2020

A massive fuel spill in northern Siberia has reached an Arctic glacial lake after seeping through floating barriers installed to stop the leak, regional officials said Tuesday.

President Vladimir Putin declared a state of emergency last Wednesday, several days after 21,000 metric tons of diesel leaked from a collapsed fuel tank outside the city of Norilsk. Massive concentrations of pollution were recorded in a nearby river, a phenomenon that local environmental officials said was due to the floating dams being ineffective or installed too late.


https://www.themoscowtimes.com/2020/06/09/unprecedented-siberian-oil-spill-reaches-arctic-glacial-lake-a70522

-

Trace metals and organic carbon in sediments of the northeastern Chukchi Sea

April 2014

https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Trace-metals-and-organic-carbon-in-sediments-of-the-Trefry-Trocine/f7a9e65f9b46526a1d4ddc4377b2b7d095923ec4


-

Atmospheric constraints on the methane emissions from the East Siberian Shelf

2016

https://acp.copernicus.org/articles/16/4147/2016/


-


Dissolved gallium in the Beaufort Sea: a promising conservative water mass tracer

24 August 2015t

https://www.geotraces.org/dissolved-gallium-in-the-beaufort-sea/



-

Widespread, multi-source glacial erosion on the Chukchi margin, Arctic Ocean

2013

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0277379113002758


-

Change in Sediment Provenance on the Inner Slope of the Chukchi Rise and Their Paleoenvironmental Implications

2021

https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/11/14/6491/htm


-

Mercury in the northeastern Chukchi Sea: Distribution patterns in seawater and sediments and biomagnification in the benthic food web

2013

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0967064513002865


-

Mercury biomagnification in food webs of the northeastern Chukchi Sea, Alaskan Arctic

2017

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0967064517301443


-

Late Holocene Paleomagnetic Secular Variation in the Chukchi Sea, Arctic Ocean

2022

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2021GC010187


-

Late Holocene Paleomagnetic Secular Variation in the Chukchi Sea, Arctic Ocean

2021

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1029/2021GC010187


-

Mercury in organs of Pacific walruses (Odobenus rosmarus divergens) from the Bering Sea

18 November 2017

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11356-017-0566-1


-

Late Holocene Paleomagnetic Secular Variation in the Chukchi Sea, Arctic Ocean

29 April 2022

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2021GC010187


-

Widespread, multi-source glacial erosion on the Chukchi margin, Arctic Ocean

2013

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0277379113002758


-

Late Holocene Paleomagnetic Secular Variation in the Chukchi Sea, Arctic Ocean

29 April 2022

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2021GC010187


-


Late Holocene Paleomagnetic Secular Variation in the Chukchi Sea, Arctic Ocean

May 2022

https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022GGG....2310187W/abstract


-

Contamination status and accumulation characteristics of heavy metals and arsenic in five seabird species from the central Bering Sea

2017 Mar 13

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5402206/


-

Mercury in the northeastern Chukchi Sea: Distribution patterns in seawater and sediments and biomagnification in the benthic food web

2014

https://www.academia.edu/14920786/Mercury_in_the_northeastern_Chukchi_Sea_Distribution_patterns_in_seawater_and_sediments_and_biomagnification_in_the_benthic_food_web


-

Organochlorine Pesticides and Polychlorinated Biphenyls in the Subcutaneous Adipose Tissue of Beluga Whales (Delphinapterus leucas) of the White, Kara and Bering Seas

12 April 2021

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1134/S0001437021010100


-

Distribution of organochlorine pesticides in seawater of the Bering and Chukchi Sea

2001

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11808555/


-

Concentration, distribution and sources of perfluoroalkyl substances and organochlorine pesticides in surface sediments of the northern Bering Sea, Chukchi Sea and adjacent Arctic Ocean

2019

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31561312/


-

Atmospheric organochlorine pollutants and air-sea exchange of hexachlorocyclohexane in the Bering and Chukchi Seas

1991

https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/5222708


-

Spatial Distribution of Hexachlorocyclohexane Isomers in the Bering and Chukchi Sea Shelf Ecosystem

1997

https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/es9609258


-


Chukchi Sea

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chukchi_Sea

-

10 Important Facts Related To The Chukchi Sea

April 19 2018

https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/10-important-facts-related-to-the-chukchi-sea.html


-

Churning in the Chukchi Sea

https://climate.nasa.gov/climate_resources/169/churning-in-the-chukchi-sea/


-

Chukchi Sea

https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/earth-and-planetary-sciences/chukchi-sea


-

Research Floats Surface in the Chukchi Sea Providing Valuable Data on Under Sea-Ice Conditions

August 18, 2021

https://www.ecofoci.noaa.gov/news-story/research-floats-surface-chukchi-sea-providing-valuable-data-under-sea-ice-conditions


-

Chukchi Sea ice that didn’t melt this summer is now 2+m thick between Wrangel Island and the shore



https://wattsupwiththat.com/2021/11/19/chukchi-sea-ice-that-didnt-melt-this-summer-is-now-2m-thick-between-wrangel-island-and-the-shore/


-
Russia is poised to open the first-ever commercial pollock fishery in Chukchi Sea

June 25, 2020

https://www.arctictoday.com/russia-is-poised-to-open-the-first-ever-commercial-pollock-fishery-in-chukchi-sea/



-
Seasonal Water Mass Evolution and Non-Redfield Dynamics Enhance CO2 Uptake in the Chukchi Sea

10 July 2022

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1029/2021JC018326


-

CIRCULATION AND OUTFLOWS OF THE CHUKCHI SEA

http://psc.apl.washington.edu/HLD/Chukchi/Chukchi.html

-





-

Algal Bloom, Succession, and Drawdown of Silicate in the Chukchi Sea in Summer 2010

08 July 2021

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10021-021-00657-1


-




-

Flow of pacific water in the western Chukchi Sea: Results from the 2009 RUSALCA expedition

2015

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0967063715001466


-
There’s more sea ice in the Chukchi Sea than last fall, but it’s still historically low

November 3, 2020

https://www.ktoo.org/2020/11/03/theres-more-ice-in-the-chukchi-than-last-fall-but-waters-near-alaska-are-still-lagging/

-


Origin and Fate of Harmful Algal Blooms in the Warming Chukchi Sea

2018

https://www.arcus.org/nna/projects/1823002


-



Spatio-temporal variation of microplastic pollution in the sediment from the Chukchi Sea over five years

2021 Sep 24

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34844325/


-

Mechanisms of Persistent High Primary Production During the Growing Season in the Chukchi Sea

18 September 2020

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10021-020-00559-8


-

Microplastics abundance and characteristics in surface waters from the Northwest Pacific, the Bering Sea, and the Chukchi Sea

2019 Apr 23

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31789166/

-

Pelagic Methane Oxidation in the Northern Chukchi Sea



https://aslopubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/am-pdf/10.1002/lno.11254


-


Seasonal and latitudinal variations in sea ice algae deposition in the Northern Bering and Chukchi Seas determined by algal biomarkers

April 22, 2020

https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0231178


-


Deglacial sea level history of the East Siberian Sea and Chukchi Sea margins

05 Sep 2017

https://cp.copernicus.org/articles/13/1097/2017/


-

Rapid sea-level rise and Holocene climate in the Chukchi Sea

October 01, 2006

https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsa/geology/article-abstract/34/10/861/129387/Rapid-sea-level-rise-and-Holocene-climate-in-the


-

D RILLING THE C HUKCHI S EA ?

2012

https://lawprofessors.typepad.com/files/chukchi-sea-case-study-overview-1.pdf

-

Dissolved and Particulate Phosphorus Distributions and Elemental Stoichiometry Throughout the Chukchi SeaElemental Stoichiometry Throughout the Chukchi Sea

2015

https://scholarcommons.sc.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4684&context=etd


-

Stable isotope differences of polar bears in the Southern Beaufort Sea and Chukchi Sea

30 March 2022

https://wildlife.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jwmg.22225?af=R


-

Seal body condition and atmospheric circulation patterns influence polar bear body condition, recruitment, and feeding ecology in the Chukchi Sea

28 February 2021

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/gcb.15572

-


Has an Old Soviet Mystery at Last Been Solved?

May 10, 2021

The strange fate of a group of skiers in the Ural Mountains has generated endless speculation.

https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2021/05/17/has-an-old-soviet-mystery-at-last-been-solved

-


Uranium and thorium contents in soils and bottom sediments of lake Bolshoye Yarovoye, western Siberia

2019 Sep 20

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31546081/


-

Determination of Depositional Beryllium-10 Fluxes in the Area of the Laptev Sea and Beryllium-10 Concentrations in Water Samples of High Northern Latitudes

1999

https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-60134-7_40

-


228Ra as a tracer for shelf water in the arctic ocean*

1995

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/0967064595000534

-

Thawing Permafrost: The speed of coastal erosion in Eastern Siberia has nearly doubled



https://innovationtoronto.com/2013/10/thawing-permafrost-speed-coastal-erosion-eastern-siberia-nearly-doubled/


-

Radium 228 and Radium 226 in surface water of the Kara Sea and Laptev Sea

2003

https://core.ac.uk/display/58318661


-

228Ra and 226Ra in the Kara and Laptev seas

2002

https://core.ac.uk/display/33669266

-


Russians warn of radiation threat to Arctic

2 October 1999

RADIOACTIVITY that leaked from two underground nuclear explosions in northern
Siberia during the 1970s has still not been properly cleaned up and could
contaminate the Arctic, according to Russian scientists.

Between 1965 and 1988, the Soviet Union exploded 116 nuclear bombs to help
mining, quarrying and oil production—17 of them near the Arctic Circle.
Two blasts in what is now the Republic of Sakha accidentally released
radioactivity into the atmosphere. The first, the 1.7 kiloton “Crystal”,
exploded near Udachnyy in October 1974 and the second, the 19-kiloton
“Craton-3”, near Aykhal in August 1978.

Andrei Gedeonov of the V. G. Khlopin Radium Institute in St Petersburg says
that surface levels of plutonium and caesium at both sites are “extremely high”.
In surveys conducted in the early 1990s, he found that the average concentration
of plutonium in lichen up to 1.5 kilometres from Craton-3 was 2.1 becquerels per
gram—780 times higher than at uncontaminated sites nearby.

Further down the water catchments in which the two sites lie, raised levels
of plutonium in sediments suggest that the contamination could spread into
rivers, Gedeonov told a conference last week in Edinburgh on radioactive
pollution in the Arctic.

At the same meeting, Vladimir Vasiliev of the Yakut International Centre for
Development of the Northern Territories, Yakutsk, claimed that the pollution
around Craton-3 and Crystal was comparable to that now found within 30
kilometres of the Chernobyl reactor in the Ukraine.


https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg16422062-500-russians-warn-of-radiation-threat-to-arctic/

-

Sea-ice production and transport of pollutants in the Laptev Sea, 1979–1993

1997

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0048969797001071


-

Regional distribution of PCBs and presence of technical PCB mixtures in sediments from Norwegian and Russian Arctic Lakes

June 2003

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/10800589_Regional_distribution_of_PCBs_and_presence_of_technical_PCB_mixtures_in_sediments_from_Norwegian_and_Russian_Arctic_Lakes


-

Riverine fluxes of the persistent organochlorine pesticides hexachlorcyclohexane and DDT in the Russian Federation

2000

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0045653599005202



-

Persistent organic pollutants in the Pechora Sea walruses

22 January 2019

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00300-019-02457-9

-

Potential for rapid transport of contaminants from the Kara Sea

1997

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969797001083

-

Fauna associated with shallow-water methane seeps in the Laptev Sea

2020

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32411521/


-

Hydrochemical Structural Patterns of the Lena River–Laptev Sea Mixing Zone in the Autumn Period

02 March 2021

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1134/S0001437020060053


-

The Laptev Sea as a source for recent Arctic Ocean salinity change

May 2001

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228603776_The_Laptev_Sea_as_a_source_for_recent_Arctic_Ocean_salinity_change


-

Particulate organic matter in surface sediments of the Laptev Sea (Arctic Ocean): application of maceral analysis as organic-carbon-source indicator

2000

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0025322799000663

-


Outflow of trace metals into the Laptev Sea by the Lena River

1996

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/0304420395000933


-

Activity concentration of caesium-137 in seawater and plankton of the Pomeranian Bay (the Southern Baltic Sea) before and after flood in 1997.

01 Dec 2003

https://europepmc.org/article/MED/14643782


-

Trophic pathways and carbon flux patterns in the Laptev Sea

2006

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0079661106001236


-


Activation of old carbon by erosion of coastal and subsea permafrost in Arctic Siberia

29 August 2012

https://www.nature.com/articles/nature11392


-

Short- and long-term thermo-erosion of ice-rich permafrost coasts in the Laptev Sea region

2013

https://epic.awi.de/id/eprint/33391/1/Guenther_etal_BG_2013.pdf


-



Space-time dynamics of carbon stocks and environmental parameters related to carbon dioxide emissions in the Buor-Khaya Bay of the Laptev Sea

2013

https://www.jamstec.go.jp/jdb/ronbun/Ks00035464.pdf


-
Holocene hydrographical changes of the eastern Laptev Sea (Siberian Arctic) recorded in δ18O profiles of bivalve shells****

2003

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0033589403001406


-

Carbon mineralization in Laptev and East Siberian sea shelf and slope sediment

January 2018

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/322708405_Carbon_mineralization_in_Laptev_and_East_Siberian_sea_shelf_and_slope_sediment



-
Quantifying Degradative Loss of Terrigenous Organic Carbon in Surface Sediments Across the Laptev and East Siberian Sea

2019 Jan 28

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31007382/

-

Field-obtained carbon and nitrogen uptake rates of phytoplankton in the Laptev and East Siberian seas

July 2017

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/318379646_Field-obtained_carbon_and_nitrogen_uptake_rates_of_phytoplankton_in_the_Laptev_and_East_Siberian_seas

-

The Importance of Benthic Nutrient Fluxes in Supporting Primary Production in the Laptev and East Siberian Shelf Seas

17 June 2021

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2020GB006849


-

Seasonal nitrogen fluxes of the Lena River Delta

2021 Dec 16

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8692507/


-

Origin and biogeochemical cycling of organic nitrogen in the eastern Arctic Ocean as evident from D- and L-amino acids

2001

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0016703701006883



-
The biochemical composition of phytoplankton in the Laptev and East Siberian seas during the summer of 2013

15 October 2018

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00300-018-2408-0



-

Community structure of nematodes in the Laptev Sea shelf with notes on the lives of ice nematodes

2019

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S2352485519302749



-

Environmental conditions of the Laptev Sea region in the late postglacial time

18 February 2016

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1134/S0869593815060064



-

The Indicator Role of Algae in Assessing the Organic Pollution in the Lena River Delta, the Russian Arctic

20 June 2022

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fenvs.2022.921819/full




-

Microbial Communities Involved in Methane, Sulfur, and Nitrogen Cycling in the Sediments of the Barents Sea

2021 Nov 15

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8625253/



-






Marine seabed litter in Siberian Arctic: A first attempt to assess

2021

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0025326X21008705


-

Tritium in Natural Water of the Lena River Basin

05 July 2022

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1134/S1875372822010073



-




https://aoghs.org/technology/project-gasbuggy/


-

Reprocessing of Fast Reactors Mixed U-Pu Used Nuclear Fuel in Russian Federation: Studies and Industrial Test



https://media.superevent.com/documents/20170618/bc26981d5599f87809b89f8551913320/fr17-076.pdf


-


In Soviet Russia, Lake Contaminates You

October 2008

https://www.damninteresting.com/in-soviet-russia-lake-contaminates-you/


-

More Than a Dozen Mysterious Carved Discs Found Near Volgograd, Russia

27 April, 2022

https://www.ancient-origins.net/news-general/mysterious-discs-003918


-

New data on the level of contamination with tritium aerosol fallout in the nearest influence zone of the mining–chemical combine of the Rosatom State Corporation

2014

https://www.deepdyve.com/lp/springer-journals/new-data-on-the-level-of-contamination-with-tritium-aerosol-fallout-in-s2RQF7H61w


-

New data on the content of tritium in a tributary of the Yenisei River

2002

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12474805/


-


Soviet atomic bomb project

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soviet_atomic_bomb_project

-


Shallow Permafrost at the Crystal Site of Peaceful Underground Nuclear Explosion (Yakutia, Russia): Evidence from Electrical Resistivity Tomography

3 January 2022

https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Shallow-Permafrost-at-the-Crystal-Site-of-Peaceful-Artamonova-Shein/b650d686d602b0e80b34152ff4ad9a56ae534468


-

SPREADING OF TRITIUM IN SURFACE WATER OF THE SITE OF THE PEACEFUL UNDERGROUND NUCLEAR EXPLOSION «CRYSTAL» IN 2018

2019

https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/SPREADING-OF-TRITIUM-IN-SURFACE-WATER-OF-THE-SITE-Artamonova/c25db9310c15190ced7cb6b6947ebc9bfd501c6b


-



Investigation of the tritium content in surface water, bottom sediments (zoobenthos), macrophytes, and fish in the mid-stream region of the Yenisei River (Siberia, Russia)

2015 Jul 16

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26178837/


-




First 230Th/U date of middle Pleistocene peat bog in Siberia (key section Krivosheino, Western Siberia)

2012

http://yadda.icm.edu.pl/yadda/element/bwmeta1.element.baztech-article-BWMA-0009-0002


-

A method for determination of the isotopic composition of authigenic uranium in Baikal bottom sediments

2007

https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/rgg/article-abstract/48/6/468/588982/A-method-for-determination-of-the-isotopic?redirectedFrom=fulltext


-

Distribution of radionuclides in moss-lichen cover and needles on the same grounds of landscape-climatic zones of Siberia

2018 Dec 25

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30592996/


-

Environmental Damage and Policy Issues in the Uranium & Gold Mining Districts of Chita Oblast in the Russian Far East

November 8, 1996

http://www.sric.org/mining/docs/chitafin.php


-

Last interglacial environment of the Baikal Region (Southern Siberia, Russia) based on analysis of fossil invertebrates and plants

2021

https://www.biotaxa.org/pe/article/view/palaeoentomology.4.6.6


-

Volostnov Aleksandr Valerevich. Uranium and thorium in coals of the Central Siberia. 2004

https://disseng.com/methods-geochemical-geochemistry/uranium-and-thorium-coals-the-central.html#gsc.tab=0

-

Uranium and thorium in carbonatitic minerals from the Guli massif, Polar Siberia

2013

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1134/S0016702913090036


-

New Siberian Islands

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Siberian_Islands


-


REE, Uranium (U) and Thorium (Th) contents in Betula pendula leaf growing around Komsomolsk
gold concentration plant tailing (Kemerovo region, Western Siberia, Russia)

2016

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1755-1315/43/1/012053/pdf


-



Current State of the Rare Earth Industry in Russia and Siberia

2014

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1876619614001739


-


Uranium, thorium, and potassium in black shales of the Bazhenov Formation of the West Siberian marine basin

05 January 2016

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1134/S0024490216010077

-

Uranium and thorium contents in soils and bottom sediments of lake Bolshoye Yarovoye, western Siberia

2019

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0265931X19304680

-

Investigation of the tritium content in surface water, bottom sediments (zoobenthos), macrophytes, and fish in the mid-stream region of the Yenisei River (Siberia, Russia)

16 July 2015

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11356-015-5042-1


-



Geography of Russia

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geography_of_Russia

-


The longest rivers of Russia

https://gm.efuc.org/1937-the-longest-rivers-of-russia.html



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section euthenics

41

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qV4oyFMA8nk
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=l8calZOhVv8
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SctXFsZ3Az4
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bSdnKu1k8Qg
https://www.yahoo.com/news/study-finds-almost-half-tattoo-040222632.html
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dknqg9T2dXI

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uOVP0fcaPyk


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RZJ8MGo7G0w

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NNnIGh9g6fA


https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethology
https://www.famousscientists.org/konrad-lorenz/
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Konrad_Lorenz
https://www.verywellmind.com/behavioral-psychology-4157183
https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/basics/behaviorism
https://www.thoughtco.com/behaviorism-in-psychology-4171770
https://www.verywellmind.com/behavioral-psychology-4157183
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychological_behaviorism
https://slidemodel.com/behavioral-psychology/
https://www.rivier.edu/academics/blog-posts/an-introduction-to-behavioral-psychology/
https://iep.utm.edu/behaviorism/
https://opentext.wsu.edu/psych105/chapter/6-2-a-short-history-of-learning-and-behaviorism/


-


1. Introduction to Human Behavioral Biology

2010

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NNnIGh9g6fA


-

2. Behavioral Evolution

2010

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y0Oa4Lp5fLE


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3. Behavioral Evolution II

2010

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oKNAzl-XN4I

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4. Molecular Genetics I

2010

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_dRXA1_e30o

-



-


5. Molecular Genetics II

2010

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dFILgg9_hrU

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6. Behavioral Genetics I

2010

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e0WZx7lUOrY


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7. Behavioral Genetics II

2010

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RG5fN6KrDJE

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8. Recognizing Relatives

2010

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P388gUPSq_I


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9. Ethology

2010

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ISVaoLlW104


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http://www.bunpeiris.org/heart-of-darkness/

https://www.blackagendareport.com/heart-of-darkness-part6

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8pwWiz8jJfY

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RBMEobQmLJY

https://www.amren.com/news/2008/11/return_to_the_d/



https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albert_Schweitzer


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ba3E-Ha5Efc

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=u7bSW99yMIY
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=21G98xWA6qE

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DpBEy9Jm31w

https://www.sciencenews.org/blog/gory-details/what-your-earwax-says-about-your-ancestry
https://www.straightdope.com/21344485/why-is-asian-earwax-different-from-black-and-white-people-s-earwax
https://atlasbiomed.com/blog/wet-earwax-dry-earwax-and-earwax-colours-of-earwax/

https://www.discovermagazine.com/planet-earth/body-odor-asians-and-earwax

https://www.bitchute.com/video/9hPkoVJFmkvX/



https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=63R2aBqwsPg

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muscular_dystrophy
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gowers%27s_sign
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutation


http://portuguesephenotype.blogspot.com/2013/12/portuguese-blondes.html
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_zQGdYVPfbg

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oOf-44xhbnU

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=72u5q-0R48A

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8-JvnD90QDU

https://www.pnas.org/doi/pdf/10.1073/pnas.0901280106

------

section skull

Widowmaker Ward Bow

Goldstrike Arch Gothic Bow

Witchwild String Short Siege Bow

Stormstrike Short Battle Bow

Kuko Shakaku Cedar Bow

Nesher Ramla Hominid - New Type of Ancient Human!
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ts8yFSmQ0hU
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bOKWBdAaRHk
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7_aG-HLTTlQ
Blacks commit 56% of all robberies, despite being only 12% of the population. Source: https://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/crime-in-the-u.s/2013/crime-in-the-u.s.-2013/tables/table-43Blacks commit 50% of all murders, despite being only 12% of the population. Source: https://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/crime-in-the-u.s/2013/crime-in-the-u.s.-2013/tables/table-43Despite making up less than 12% of the US population, Blacks commit 1 in every 3 rapes. Source: https://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/crime-in-the-u.s/2013/crime-in-the-u.s.-2013/tables/table-43Young Black men kill 14 times more often than young White men. Source: http://ideas.time.com/2013/08/22/viewpoint-dont-ignore-race-in-christopher-lanes-murder/#ixzz2ciWBxj00Africans have higher rates of a gene associated with violence. Source: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1913922/Blacks are overrepresented in serial killings, and this overrepresentation is increasing. Source: http://maamodt.asp.radford.edu/Serial%20Killer%20Information%20Center/Serial%20Killer%20Statistics.pdf#page=3Blacks are overrepresented among child abusers, and this isn’t due to biased reporting. Source: http://www.theroot.com/articles/culture/2011/03/Black_childabuse_statistics_report_debunks_bias_assumptions.html39% of all cop killers are Black, although Blacks are only 12% of the population. Source: https://www.fbi.gov/about-us/cjis/ucr/leoka/2013/officers-feloniously-93% of Black men who are murdered are killed by other Black men. Source: http://www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/bvvc.pdf#page=3
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rn5AZnLZO5k
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=whggGECaJvY
https://getpocket.com/explore/item/five-animals-that-can-sense-things-you-can-t?utm_source=pocket-newtab
https://www.nature.com/articles/jhg200786
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F6MLXX5j8gc
https://phys.org/news/2022-09-fossils-reveal-hybridization-early-humans.html
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ODR8NzBU_84
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-Wfu0GR-mE8
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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8flcCtIkTUc

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rn5AZnLZO5k
https://www.pnas.org/doi/pdf/10.1073/pnas.0901280106

https://www.jstor.org/stable/40484405



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Human Species That Doesn’t Fit In The Timeline | Homo Naledi

Mar 29, 2022

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=grSlpZUeIXg

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Giants Emerging Everywhere - They Can't Hide This

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sVmOnwng6gs


-
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TGHD6AXixs8
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=06utTusLfZY
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ahhojLbFwJU
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ahT78Rzqv6k
https://www.msn.com/en-us/news/world/hungary-s-leader-viktor-orb%C3%A1n-bashed-western-europeans-for-mixing-with-non-europeans-and-said-hungarians-do-not-want-to-become-a-mixed-race/ar-AAZUl5f?ocid=msedgntp&cvid=6eb3585e42474778951c64b377ee0b45
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=osbPrUfgzvQ
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U55MRfRWEEM
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wT75bJzPWpI
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=loRZjUSPaN4
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ODR8NzBU_84
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=reYdQYZ9Rj4
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aNUYGRn3W9Q
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BRZ8FsZ-hJQ
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=d48bhkOiEuA
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-4afIB-Gys4

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=reYdQYZ9Rj4


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t_sFlHFgcFY


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_lK5TLwpamY




https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-1Td8VUcKk0

https://www.ancient-origins.net/news-evolution-human-origins/earliest-known-human-ancestor-what-009094
https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.0605684103
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SOgKwAJdeUc
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aIeXhCirekY
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BRZ8FsZ-hJQ
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taung_Child
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9kakBfGxhpM
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https://nau.edu/nau-research/predatory-bacteria/
https://www.liebertpub.com/doi/full/10.1089/zeb.2016.1373
https://www.theguardian.com/science/2017/apr/21/hobbit-species-did-not-evolve-from-ancestor-of-modern-humans-research-finds
https://www.realclearscience.com/video/2021/11/27/the_insect_that_freezes_to_survive_805364.html
https://www.earth.com/news/neanderthals-denisovans-coexisted/
https://getpocket.com/explore/item/homo-narrativus-and-the-trouble-with-fame?utm_source=pocket-newtab
https://www.geologyin.com/2017/02/oldest-neanderthal-dna-found-in-italian.html
https://barentsobserver.com/en/nature/2015/10/dna-testing-leads-new-understanding-bears-23-10
https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.0605684103
https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-46856779
https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/discovery-of-mexican-skeleton-connects-siberian-ancestors-to-native-americans/
https://www.haaretz.com/archaeology/2019-10-16/ty-article/.premium/early-humans-reached-island-200-000-years-ago-changing-theory-of-spread-from-africa/0000017f-e247-d75c-a7ff-fecf61250000
https://scitechdaily.com/balkanatolia-forgotten-continent-discovered-by-team-of-paleontologists-and-geologists/
https://getpocket.com/explore/item/we-finally-know-what-turns-cats-into-tabbies?utm_source=pocket-newtab
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Gzi_Wh-l1I4

https://scitechdaily.com/balkanatolia-forgotten-continent-discovered-by-team-of-paleontologists-and-geologists/
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y2u1dQLQxAM
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bHYXScbX55U
https://www.cbsnews.com/news/handstanding-skunks-dna-shaped-by-ancient-climate-change/
https://www.science.org/content/article/dark-skin-lets-sea-snakes-slough-pollution
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VkxrjC0sEUw
https://www.iflscience.com/plants-and-animals/sea-snakes-are-turning-black-to-shed-pollution/
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3Aifp_eGdX4
-

Sandfish

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GwaaFeLQgwY

-

A preliminary study on human Y-DNA haplogroup M20 in Sinhalese male individuals

2017

https://www.hilarispublisher.com/proceedings/a-preliminary-study-on-human-ydna-haplogroup-m20-in-sinhalese-male-individuals-30654.html



-


Are Negros Closer to Apes Than to Humans?

April 24, 2012

https://www.ferris.edu/HTMLS/news/jimcrow/letters/2012/apes.htm


-

Bakunin was a racist

Oct 31, 2021

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OMOmzWneHUk


-

FIRST HUMANS TO ARRIVE IN NORTH AMERICA: THE DENISOVANS 130,000 YEARS AGO

http://the-wanderling.com/cerutti.html

-

Nits on ancient mummies shed light on South American ancestry

December 29, 2021

https://phys.org/news/2021-12-nits-ancient-mummies-south-american.html

-

A New Part Of The Human Body Has Been Discovered

Dec 2021

https://www.iflscience.com/health-and-medicine/a-new-part-of-the-human-body-has-been-discovered/



-

Deep mantle krypton reveals Earth's outer solar system ancestry

December 15, 2021

https://phys.org/news/2021-12-deep-mantle-krypton-reveals-earth.html

-

Indonesian Tribe Full of People With Startling Blue Eyes Will Take Your Breath Away

2020

https://www.theepochtimes.com/mkt_breakingnews/indonesian-tribe-full-of-people-with-startling-blue-eyes-will-take-your-breath-away_3564513.html?utm_source=newsnoe&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=breaking-2021-04-22-1&mktids=ad366318dce19d55b674b0b2510d3e19&est=gRd7hubMI1Mpi7RhUtuHWJkwz8B5k7k5YBWHyappWYIlW6Nkm9k0XQ0KqtzRsPbA

-

Neanderthals changed ecosystems 125,000 years ago

December 15, 2021

https://phys.org/news/2021-12-neanderthals-ecosystems-years.html


-

Denisovans or Homo sapiens: Who were the first to settle (permanently) on the Tibetan Plateau?

December 7, 2021

Extinct Denisovans passed on genes that help Tibetans survive high altitudes

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2021/12/211207152519.htm


-

Dinosaur faces and feet may have popped with color

December 9, 2021

New study traces the probability of color from modern bids to dinosaurs

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2021/12/211209201651.htm


-

Strong winds power electric fields in the upper atmosphere

November 29, 2021

https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2021/11/211129172751.htm

-

Fate of Sinking Tectonic Plates Has Long Puzzled Scientists – Now They’ve Found an Answer

December 11, 2021

https://scitechdaily.com/fate-of-sinking-tectonic-plates-has-long-puzzled-scientists-now-theyve-found-an-answer/

-

Functional complexity of hair follicle stem cell niche and therapeutic targeting of niche dysfunction for hair regeneration

14 March 2020

https://jbiomedsci.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12929-020-0624-8

-

Hair-Growth Potential of Ginseng and Its Major Metabolites: A Review on Its Molecular Mechanisms

2018 Sep 11

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC6163201/

-


Why is Having White Skin Considered Beautiful in Japan?

2015

https://jpninfo.com/36880






-


Genetic history of Indigenous peoples of the Americas

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic_history_of_Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas



-

Ancient stone tools raise tantalizing questions over who colonized Sulawesi

January 13, 2016

One theory suggests hobbits or hobbit relatives floated to the Indonesian island

https://www.sciencenews.org/article/ancient-stone-tools-raise-tantalizing-questions-over-who-colonized-sulawesi


-

Laws of Logic Lead to New Restrictions on the Big Ban

November 10, 2021

https://www.quantamagazine.org/cosmologists-close-in-on-logical-laws-for-the-big-bang-20211110/?utm_source=pocket-newtab


-

A preliminary study on human Y-DNA haplogroup M20 in Sinhalese male individuals

2017

https://www.hilarispublisher.com/proceedings/a-preliminary-study-on-human-ydna-haplogroup-m20-in-sinhalese-male-individuals-30654.html


-


Research reveals Koreans’ genetic roots

2017

DNA samples in east Russian cave linked to multiple modern Asian ethnic groups

The research revealed that the humans who lived in the Devil’s Gate cave had genetic traits including brown eyes and shovel-shaped incisors, like Koreans. They also had typical genetic distinctions and variations of modern East Asians such as inability to digest milk, vulnerability to high blood pressure, relatively odourless bodies and dry ear lobes.

This shows that modern East Asians have better preserved genetic traces of their ancestors for thousands of years, compared to modern western Eurasians who have lost genetic signs of their ancestors through more migration and warfare, the research team said.

https://www.scmp.com/tech/science-research/article/2067820/research-reveals-koreans-genetic-roots





-





DNA links Native Americans with Europeans

November 2013

Ancient DNA reveals that the ancestors of modern-day Native Americans had European roots. The discovery sheds new light on European prehistory and also solves old mysteries concerning the colonisation of America.

https://sciencenordic.com/anthropology-archaeology-denmark/dna-links-native-americans-with-europeans/1393344

-

Ancient and Modern Europeans Have Surprising Genetic Connection

November 06, 2014

https://www.livescience.com/48660-ancient-dna-europeans-origin.html

-

Ancient Astronaut Aryans: On the Far Right Obsession with Indo-Europeans

April 28, 2017

https://lithub.com/ancient-astronaut-aryans-on-the-far-right-obsession-with-indo-europeans/

-

Blond Mummies, White People of China Update 2.

http://www.covenersleague.com/culture-heritage/item/1618-blond-mummies-white-people-of-china-update-2


-

DNA Study Finds Ancient Egyptians Were European, Not African

January 18, 2018

https://newspunch.com/dna-study-ancient-egyptians-european-african/


-

Are the Pashtuns and the Afghans the ancestors of White Europeans?

https://www.quora.com/Are-the-Pashtuns-and-the-Afghans-the-ancestors-of-White-Europeans?share=1

-

New Research Reveals Surprising Origins of Millennia-Old Mummies Found in China

October 28, 2021

Once thought to be migrants from West Asia, the deceased were actually direct descendants of a local Ice Age population, DNA analysis suggests

https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/bronze-age-mummies-in-china-were-part-of-mysterious-ancient-group-180978953/

-

Hair Color and Mummification

November 5, 2016

https://ahotcupofjoe.net/2016/11/hair-color-and-mummification/


-

New Study Reveals 4,000 ‘Spanish’ Surnames With Jewish Origins

August 12, 2020

https://christiansfortruth.com/new-study-reveals-4000-spanish-surnames-with-jewish-origins/

-

DNA analysis reveals amazingly well-preserved 4,000-year-old mummies in China are from local tribe and are not visitors from the West as previously thought

2021

https://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-10137757/amp/DNA-reveals-4-000-year-old-mummies-genetically-isolated-Chinese-tribe-not-Western-visitors.html

-


Boy born at 21 weeks named world's most premature infant to survive

November 11, 2021

https://www.goodmorningamerica.com/wellness/story/boy-born-21-weeks-named-worlds-premature-infant-81093184?cid=social_twitter_abcn

-

'The Five' praise parents for waking up to critical race theory

Nov 9, 2021

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RD-ibwvedC8

-

Rare African Y DNA Haplogroup A00 Sprouts New Branches

July 29, 2020

https://dna-explained.com/2020/07/29/rare-african-y-dna-haplogroup-a00-sprouts-new-branches/

-

Arabian DNA Shows Route of Early Human Migration from Africa

October 21, 2021

https://greekreporter.com/2021/10/21/arabian-dna-africa/

-

Southeast Asians Carry DNA of ‘Mysterious Southern Denisovans’

Mar 23, 2021

http://www.sci-news.com/othersciences/anthropology/southeast-asians-denisovan-dna-09480.html

-

No 'lost tribes' or aliens: what ancient DNA reveals about American prehistory

15 Nov 2017

New genetics research settles questions about the peoples of Newfoundland and Labrador – and helps highlight what genetics can’t tell us

https://www.theguardian.com/science/2017/nov/15/no-lost-tribes-or-aliens-what-ancient-dna-reveals-about-american-prehistory

-



How Strong Is The Link Between Sanskrit And European Languages?

August 5, 2020

https://www.ancientpages.com/2020/08/05/how-strong-is-the-link-between-sanskrit-and-european-languages/

-



How Strong Is The Link Between Sanskrit And European Languages?

August 5, 2020

https://www.ancientpages.com/2020/08/05/how-strong-is-the-link-between-sanskrit-and-european-languages/


-




Aryan Genesis – Part 1: Who Were the Ancient Aryans?

October 17, 2016

http://www.renegadetribune.com/aryan-genesis-part-1-ancient-aryans/



-



Basque Origins | DNA, Language, and History

Apr 17, 2021

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Un1QtE5swEU


-

Ainu - History of the Indigenous people of Japan DOCUMENTARY

Jul 1, 2021

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5tnK2FK2298


-


New DNA Study Confirms Jews And Arabs Share Up To 50% Canaanite Genetic Ancestry

May 29, 2020

https://christiansfortruth.com/new-dna-study-confirms-jews-and-arabs-share-up-to-50-canaanite-genetic-ancestry/

-


Afro-Arabs

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afro-Arabs

-


Why Y Chromosomes Won’t Be Around Forever

Sep 15, 2021

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=of7vrIIcTa0



-


The Insect That Freezes To Survive | Nature's Biggest Beasts | BBC Earth

Nov 26, 2021

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_G67UGmZMuI


-


Giant prehistoric lion fossil discovered hiding in museum drawer

Simbakubwa kutoaafrika takes its place in the circle of life.

April 17, 2019

https://www.cnet.com/news/giant-prehistoric-lion-fossil-discovered-hidden-in-museum-drawer/


-


Kayleigh McEnany: Americans are having Biden remorse

Oct 29, 2021

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NSLJ7aMFiNE


-


Facts and Figures About the Extinct Eurasian Cave Lion

October 28, 2019

How much do you know about one of the world's largest species of lion?

https://www.thoughtco.com/cave-lion-1093066


-

Gigantic Ice Age Lions Used to Roam Africa, 200,000-Year-Old Fossil Reveals

3/26/18

https://www.newsweek.com/gigantic-lion-africa-extinct-200000-years-860353


-


Sheepshead Fish: Facts About The Fish With Human Teeth

12 Nov 2021

https://www.scienceabc.com/nature/animals/sheepshead-fish-facts-fish-human-teeth.html



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Homo Naledi - New Questions On Human Evolution

Jul 13, 2020

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OgBJmdpqWsU


------





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'Hobbit' species did not evolve from ancestor of modern humans, research finds

Apr 2017

Bone study shows there is no evidence the 1.1-metre tall Homo floresiensis had any links with the much larger Homo erectus

https://www.theguardian.com/science/2017/apr/21/hobbit-species-did-not-evolve-from-ancestor-of-modern-humans-research-finds


-



Mystery of Elongated Skulls... Found Across All Ancient Civilizations

Premiered Aug 21, 2021

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PRE3NlTyaN0



-


Koolasuchus - The Antarctic Amphibian That Ate Dinosaurs

Sep 29, 2019

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5-lPDo_KMiA

-


The Evolution of Sea Turtles

Oct 6, 2019

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h6Zw8A_IYGc


-

Potentially Oldest Animal Found In 890 Million Year Old Fossil

Aug 18, 2021

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_rJJIFDn188

-



Paleontologists Are Trying to Understand Why the Fossil Record Is Mostly Males

https://getpocket.com/explore/item/paleontologists-are-trying-to-understand-why-the-fossil-record-is-mostly-males?utm_source=pocket-newtab

-

-



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GROUNDBREAKING Discovery Of Unknown Group Of Humans, Taolean Culture?

Sep 3, 2021

Approximately 7200 years ago a teenage hunter-gatherer girl passed away and was laid to rest in the Leang Panninge cave. Her remains were discovered in 2015 but research has been conducted only recently on her DNA.
No one could have known that she was from an unknown distinct human lineage that has never been found anywhere else in the world. Her remains carried the first ancient human DNA of the island region between Asia and Australia, better known as Wallacea, which is an incredible unique find as it was previously thought that inhabitants arrived in Wallacea some 3500 years ago.
This discovery is telling us the story of a previously unknown group of humans and is giving us new insight into the population history and genetic diversity of early modern humans in this part of the world that’s not yet well understood. This latest discovery shows evidence of a previously unknown distinct group of modern human living in the area already as the new farmers came into Indonesia.
The reason they were unknown is because there are barely any archaeological sites from their culture and ancient skeletal remains are almost never found. This group of modern humans that lived in the area has gone completely extinct as there are no descendants of this lineage alive in modern times. Another amazing discovery made by the DNA research was that she carried yet another fascinating piece within her lineage, she carried the genome of Denisovans.
This showed that Denisovans lived in a far larger area than was previously thought as most Denisovan remains are found in Siberia and Tiber. But even this part is not without a little bit of mystery.
Her DNA has been compared to the DNA of other hunter-gatherers who lived in Sulawesi around the same time and the other hunter gatherers did not carry any traces of Denisovan DNA.
 So not only was this girl a descendant from a previously unknown group of humans that went extinct but on top of that she carried Denisovan DNA within her that other cultures living in the area at the same time do not carry.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_9nhXIVagyM




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Genetics of Earlobes



-

https://www.everydayhealth.com/womens-health/hpv-vaccines-may-be-less-effective-in-african-american-women-researchers-find.aspx

----


Evolution and genomic organization of muscle microRNAs in fish genomes

2014

https://bmcevolbiol.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12862-014-0196-x

Background

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNA molecules with an important role upon post-transcriptional regulation. These molecules have been shown essential for several cellular processes in vertebrates, including muscle biology. Many miRNAs were described as exclusively or highly expressed in skeletal and/or cardiac muscle. However, knowledge on the genomic organization and evolution of muscle miRNAs has been unveiled in a reduced number of vertebrates and mostly only reflects their organization in mammals, whereas fish genomes remain largely uncharted. The main goal of this study was to elucidate particular features in the genomic organization and the putative evolutionary history of muscle miRNAs through a genome-wide comparative analysis of cartilaginous and bony fish genomes.



-


‘Humans are just modified fish’

MONASH UNIVERSITY    6 OCT 2011

 https://www.sciencealert.com/were-all-just-modified-fish

Three Australian fish – including the iconic lungfish – have provided an insight into the evolution of human beings.

A team of scientists led by Professor Peter Currie, Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute at Monash University and Dr Nicholas Cole, University of Sydney, have discovered how the muscles controlling the pelvic fins of some fish have cleared the way for the evolution of back legs in higher animals.

This innovation gave rise to the tetrapods, or four-legged creatures, along with our distant ancestors who made the first steps onto land some 400 million years ago.

Professor Currie said the genetics of a fish are not vastly different to our own.

“We have shown that the mechanism of pelvic muscle formation in bony fish is transitional between that in sharks and in our tetrapod ancestors.

“By examining the way the different fish species generated the muscles of their pelvic fins we were able to uncover the evolutionary forerunners of the hind limbs. Humans are just modified fish,” said Professor Currie.

Scientists have long known that the ancient lungfish species are the ancestors of the tetrapods. These fish could survive on land, breathing air and using their pelvic fins to propel themselves.

Australia is home to three species of the few remaining lungfish – two marine species and one inhabiting Queensland’s Mary River basin.

There have been big gaps in the knowledge of these fish until now. Most of the conclusions have been drawn from fossil skeletons, but the muscles critical to locomotion cannot be preserved in the fossil record.

The scientists used fish living today to trace the evolution of pelvic fin muscles to find out how the load bearing hind limbs of the tetrapods evolved.

To find differences in pelvic fin muscle formation, the researchers compared embryos of the descendants of species representing key turning points in vertebrate evolution.

They studied primitive cartilaginous fish: Australia’s bamboo shark and its cousin, the elephant shark; and three bony fish: the Australian lungfish, the zebrafish and the American paddlefish.

The scientists genetically engineered fish to trace the migration of precursor muscle cells in early developmental stages as the animal’s body took shape. These cells in the engineered fish emitted red or green light.

The team found that the bony fish had a different mechanism of pelvic fin muscle formation from that of the cartilaginous fish, a mechanism that was a stepping stone to the evolution of tetrapod physiology.

The full research article, Development and Evolution of the Muscles of the Pelvic Fin can be viewed at PLoS Biology.


-------------------------


Lungfish provides insight to life on land: 'Humans are just modified fish'

2011

 https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2011/10/111004180106.htm


------------------------------


Lungfish: This fish can stay alive inside the ground for 4 years!

2017

A fish that can breathe oxygen directly from the air? Yes, this ancient species of fish still exists! Know more about them here.

https://www.indiatoday.in/education-today/gk-current-affairs/story/lungfish-961065-2017-02-17


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Transition in organ function during the evolution of air-breathing; insights from Arapaima gigas, an obligate air-breathing teleost from the Amazon

2004

 http://jeb.biologists.org/content/207/9/1433

---------------------------------

Molecular cloning and characterization of pirarucu (Arapaima gigas) follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone β-subunit cDNAs

 2017

 https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0183545

--------------------------------

Whole Genome Sequencing of the Pirarucu (Arapaima gigas) Supports Independent Emergence of Major Teleost Clades

2018

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6143160/


Arapaima gigas belongs to the superorder Osteoglossomorpha of bony-tongued fishes whose tongue contains sharp bony teeth for disabling and shredding preys (Sanford and Lauder 1990; Burnie and Wilson 2001). Together with Elopomorpha (eels and tarpons) and Clupeocephala (most of extant fish species), the Osteoglossomorpha comprises one of the three main teleosts groups whose phylogenetic position has been controversial (Le et al. 1993; Inoue et al. 2003; Near et al. 2012; Betancur-R 2013; Faircloth et al. 2013; Chen et al. 2015; Hughes et al. 2018). Fossil records and some early molecular studies, including a recent comprehensive analysis of >300 Actinopterygii species (Hughes et al. 2018), placed Osteoglossomorpha as the oldest teleost group (Greenwood 1970; Inoue et al. 2003), while other studies placed Elopomorpha as the most ancestral one (Near et al. 2012; Betancur-R 2013; Faircloth et al. 2013). Recently, a phylogenetic study based on whole genome sequencing of the bony-tongued Asian arowana (Scleropages formosus) suggested that the branching of Elopomorpha and Osteoglossomorpha occurred almost simultaneously, placing them as sister lineages of Clupeocephala (Bian 2016). Within this context, the genome of the Pirarucu provides new insights to study the evolutionary history of teleosts as well as providing useful information for sustainable exploration of this giant Amazon fish. Here, we present the first whole genome assembly, gene annotation, and phylogenomic inference of the Pirarucu which should facilitate the molecular characterization and conservation of this economically important fish species.


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The Giant Fleas which Sucked Dino Blood | Parasitober

Nov 7, 2020

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U6jvkecx2s0


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-

section antarctic 2022

-

-


Previously unsuspected volcanic activity confirmed under West Antarctic Ice Sheet at Pine Island Glacier

June 27, 2018

https://www.nsf.gov/news/news_summ.jsp?cntn_id=295861&org=NSF

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Scientists found 91 volcanoes under Antarctica. Here’s what they might do

Aug 25, 2017

Scottish scientists have detected 91 volcanoes under a massive ice sheet in west Antarctica, potentially revealing one of the largest volcanic regions on Earth.

The volcanoes are located in the West Antarctic Rift System, a 2,200-mile valley created by separating tectonic plates. The discovery brings the total number of volcanoes in the area to 138. The heights of the volcanoes range from 300 feet to 12,600 feet, with the tallest as high as Mount Fuji in Japan.

https://www.pbs.org/newshour/science/scientists-found-91-volcanoes-under-antarctica

-List of volcanoes in Antarctica

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_volcanoes_in_Antarctica

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This Antarctic scale worm is some serious nightmare fuel

May 8, 2018

https://www.australiangeographic.com.au/blogs/creatura-blog/2018/05/this-antarctic-scale-worm-is-some-serious-nightmare-fuel/

-

 

A Mysteriously Massive Hole in Antarctic Ice Has Returned

October 12, 2017

These holes are thought to be crucial elements of the currents driving the world’s oceans, and after 40 years, one has formed again

https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/return-massive-ice-hole-antarctica-has-baffled-scientists-180965246/

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A giant hole has opened up in Antarctica as scientists look to find out what is to blame

2017

'It looks like you just punched a hole in the ice'

https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/antarctica-giant-hole-opens-up-scientists-climate-change-global-warming-weddell-sea-a7994171.html

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Mysterious, Gaping Holes in Antarctic Ice Explained

June 11, 2019

Enormous holes in the Antarctic winter ice pack have popped up sporadically since the 1970s, but the reason for their formation has been largely mysterious.

Scientists, with the help of floating robots and tech-equipped seals, may now have the answer: The so-called polynyas (Russian for "open water") seem to be the result of storms and salt, new research finds.

Polynyas have gotten a lot of attention lately because two very large ones opened in the Weddell Sea in 2016 and 2017; in the latter event, the open waters stretched over 115,097 square miles (298,100 square kilometers), according to an article published in April in the journal Geophysical Research Letters.

Now, the most comprehensive look ever at the ocean conditions during polynya formation reveals that these stretches of open water grow due to short-timescale climate variations and particularly nasty weather. The polynyas also release a lot of deep-ocean heat into the atmosphere, with consequences that scientists are still working out...

https://www.livescience.com/65693-mysterious-antarctic-ice-holes-explained.html

 

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https://malokss.kennesawglass.com/en/environment-climate-change/news/2019/12/canada-launches-strategic-assessment-of-thermal-coal-mining.html

http://ow.curwensvillealliance.org/what-forms-when-iron-rich-minerals-in-cooling-lava-align-with-the-direction-of-earths-magnetic-field

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Liquid Nitrogen Tank Frost Or Icing Normal?

Nov 20, 2017

Liquid nitrogen tank in use, due to liquid nitrogen vaporization energy absorption and cooling, water vapor condensation in the air, the emergence of frost or icing is normal, not leakage of nitrogen. If not in use, the temperature is not very low, there are frost or icing phenomenon, it may be leakage of nitrogen.

     If internal frost or icing is mainly due to the liquid nitrogen tank between the heat exchange between the outer and the air formed by the condensation of water vapor. Ordinary liquid nitrogen tank mild frosting or freezing is a normal phenomenon, if the frosting or freezing serious situation we must pay attention to.

Normally the normal range of use for the cryogenic liquid nitrogen tank design (XL-45 to XL-65) is 9.2 meters of gas and 8 liters of liquid per minute. If you exceed this range of use will appear serious frost or icy conditions. When the gas temperature is low, with particular attention to it on the use of equipment will have some damage. This phenomenon is also reflected in the tank bottom will be more serious frost or icing. The solution is to connect a cryogenic tank in parallel again.

     Cryogenic tank delivered from the factory to the user after long-distance transport, in the process may be in the top of the tank level intermediate level gauge there is a slightly loose connection. Not obvious when the jar is not in use, there will be a lot of frosting after use.

http://www.globalliquidnitrogentank.com/news/liquid-nitrogen-tank-frost-or-icing-normal-10146728.html

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Why vent-line ice-covered at nitrogen tank depressurization?

2019

When you depressurize a gas, it will tend to expand in order to do that it will steal heat from the surrounds the faster you depressurize the faster this occurs the colder the piping will get, hence the umidity in the air is freezing when this occurs. The defrosting depends on your local conditions and on the time based upon each discharge.

You can do a simple hand calculation to get a initial estimative this rate using the thermodynamic tables for nitrogen and simplified heat flow equations. Of course the icing on the piping will cause some influence.

https://www.eng-tips.com/viewthread.cfm?qid=448359

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Distant earthquakes can cause underwater landslides

June 28, 2017

https://watchers.news/2017/06/28/distant-earthquakes-underwater-landslides/


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East Antarctica magnetically linked to its ancient neighbours in Gondwana

2021


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Ozone formation and destruction in the stratosphere

2004

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Polar stratospheric clouds and ozone depletion

1991

http://whatis.vhfdental.com/which-refrigerant-does-not-damage-the-ozone-layer


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Bacteria Can Grow Using Arsenic

December 13, 2010

https://www.nih.gov/news-events/nih-research-matters/bacteria-can-grow-using-arsenic


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Polar stratospheric clouds and ozone depletion

1991

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Another Dimension? Time Portal? Another Planet? What's at the Bottom of Mel's Hole?

Sep 1, 2022

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z8SjYMTL7zA

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Russia Just Announced The TERRIFYING Truth About Antarctica

Feb 24, 2023

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pTGn8cmfwxo

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Denman Glacier is retreating into Antarctica's deepest valley. 5 feet ...

Mar 23, 2020

https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2020/03/23/denman-glacier-climate-change/


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NASA Just Announced The Moon Shifted And Its Going To Cause Record Flooding On Earth

Feb 20, 2023

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z61oJp6grS4

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Salty Aquifer Discovered Under Antarctic Surface

May, 11, 2015

https://www.geoengineer.org/news/salty-aquifer-discovered-under-antarctic-surface

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A new glacial isostatic adjustment model of the Innuitian Ice Sheet, Arctic Canada

2015

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0277379115001493

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Post-Glacial Isostatic Adjustment and Global Warming in Subarctic Canada: Implications for Islands of the James Bay Region

2009

https://pubs.aina.ucalgary.ca/arctic/Arctic62-4-458.pdf

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Glacial isostatic adjustment as a control on coastal processes: An example from the Siberian Arctic

1 August 2007

https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Glacial-isostatic-adjustment-as-a-control-on-An-the-Whitehouse-Allen/4587714a89773ffc89176e73057b6175ae168b74

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Workshop on Glacial Isostatic Adjustment, Ice Sheets, and Sea-level Change

2019

https://www.arcus.org/events/arctic-calendar/29197

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Mass balance of the Greenland Ice Sheet from 1992 to 2018

10 December 2019

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-019-1855-2

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Glacial Isostatic Adjustment (GIA) in Greenland: a Review

05 July 2016

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s40641-016-0040-z

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Evaluating Greenland glacial isostatic adjustment corrections using GRACE, altimetry and surface mass balance data

15 January 2014

https://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/9/1/014004

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Total isostatic response to the complete unloading of the Greenland and Antarctic Ice Sheets

06 July 2022

https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-022-15440-y

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Constraint of glacial isostatic adjustment in the North Sea with geological relative sea level and GNSS vertical land motion data

07 July 2021

https://academic.oup.com/gji/article-abstract/227/2/1168/6316780?login=false

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Glacial isostatic adjustment directed incision of the Channeled Scabland by Ice Age megafloods

December 15, 2021

https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.2109502119


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On Some Properties of the Glacial Isostatic Adjustment Fingerprints

5 September 2019

https://www.mdpi.com/2073-4441/11/9/1844

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What is glacial isostatic adjustment?

Glacial isostatic adjustment is the ongoing movement of land once burdened by ice-age glaciers.

Earth is always on the move, constantly, if slowly, changing. Temperatures rise and fall in cycles over millions of years. The last ice age occurred just 16,000 years ago, when great sheets of ice, two miles thick, covered much of Earth's Northern Hemisphere. Though the ice melted long ago, the land once under and around the ice is still rising and falling in reaction to its ice-age burden.

This ongoing movement of land is called glacial isostatic adjustment. Here's how it works: Imagine lying down on a soft mattress and then getting up from the same spot. You see an indentation in the mattress where your body had been, and a puffed-up area around the indentation where the mattress rose. Once you get up, the mattress takes a little time before it relaxes back to its original shape.

Even the strongest materials (including the Earth's crust) move, or deform, when enough pressure is applied. So when ice by the megaton settled on parts of the Earth for several thousand years, the ice bore down on the land beneath it, and the land rose up beyond the ice's perimeter—just like the mattress did when you lay down on and then got up off of it.

That's what happened over large portions of the Northern Hemisphere during the last ice age, when ice covered the Midwest and Northeast United States as well as much of Canada. Even though the ice retreated long ago, North America is still rising where the massive layers of ice pushed it down. The U.S. East Coast and Great Lakes regions—once on the bulging edges, or forebulge, of those ancient ice layers—are still slowly sinking from forebulge collapse.

Forbulge collapse is one of the larger causes of ground movement in the United States. Many places in the Eastern U.S. have been sinking for thousands of years and will continue to sink for thousands more. In fact, estimates say land around the Chesapeake Bay will sink as much as half a foot over the next 100 years because of the forebulge collapse. Other big contributors to ground movement in the U.S. include earthquakes and subsidence. Subsidence is when the ground sinks, either due to natural causes or when resources like water, gas, and oil are pumped out of the ground.

https://oceanservice.noaa.gov/facts/glacial-adjustment.html


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Present-day glacial isostatic adjustment of Antarctica

Changes in mass balance (or the amount of ice that has melted) can be measured using space-geodetic techniques that detect variations in the Earth's gravity field and changes in ice height. Both satellite altimetry (used to measure ice topography heights) and GRACE (measures changes in potential) are sensitive to ongoing changes in continental lithosphere from glacial isostatic adjustment, the visco-elastic response of the Earth to the removal of a load after significant ice sheet melting over the past 10,000 years.

The rate of present-day uplift can be estimated using data from permanent GPS installations in Antarctica and can provide constraints on the modelling of the timing and amount of ice that has melted. Since 1998, RSES has installed and operated a network of remote GPS sites in East Antarctica specifically to estimate the isostatic adjustment pattern in the region. Uplift rates are significantly lower than anticipated, implying that either less ice has melted than is incorporated in the glaciology models or that the melting process ended earlier than expected.

Cosmogenic exposure dating utilises the amount of bombardment of cosmic particles that rocks have undergone to calculate when the rocks were exposed to the atmosphere. This provides constraints on the retreat of ice sheets. Coupled with dating of raised marine platforms, lake sediments and biological samples, past ice histories can be reconstructed to generate predicted present-day uplift scenarios that can be compared to observed uplift rates from GPS.

https://earthsciences.anu.edu.au/research/research-projects/present-day-glacial-isostatic-adjustment-antarctica

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What is glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA), and why do you correct for it?

https://sealevel.colorado.edu/index.php/presentation/what-glacial-isostatic-adjustment-gia-and-why-do-you-correct-it

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Post-glacial rebound

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post-glacial_rebound

Post-glacial rebound (also called isostatic rebound or crustal rebound) is the rise of land masses after the removal of the huge weight of ice sheets during the last glacial period, which had caused isostatic depression. Post-glacial rebound and isostatic depression are phases of glacial isostasy (glacial isostatic adjustment, glacioisostasy), the deformation of the Earth's crust in response to changes in ice mass distribution.[1] The direct raising effects of post-glacial rebound are readily apparent in parts of Northern Eurasia, Northern America, Patagonia, and Antarctica. However, through the processes of ocean siphoning and continental levering, the effects of post-glacial rebound on sea level are felt globally far from the locations of current and former ice sheets.

Overview

Changes in the elevation of Lake Superior due to glaciation and post-glacial rebound

During the last glacial period, much of northern Europe, Asia, North America, Greenland and Antarctica was covered by ice sheets, which reached up to three kilometres thick during the glacial maximum about 20,000 years ago. The enormous weight of this ice caused the surface of the Earth's crust to deform and warp downward, forcing the viscoelastic mantle material to flow away from the loaded region. At the end of each glacial period when the glaciers retreated, the removal of this weight led to slow (and still ongoing) uplift or rebound of the land and the return flow of mantle material back under the deglaciated area. Due to the extreme viscosity of the mantle, it will take many thousands of years for the land to reach an equilibrium level.

The uplift has taken place in two distinct stages. The initial uplift following deglaciation was almost immediate due to the elastic response of the crust as the ice load was removed. After this elastic phase, uplift proceeded by slow viscous flow at an exponentially decreasing rate.[citation needed] Today, typical uplift rates are of the order of 1 cm/year or less. In northern Europe, this is clearly shown by the GPS data obtained by the BIFROST GPS network;[3] for example in Finland, the total area of the country is growing by about seven square kilometers per year.[4][5] Studies suggest that rebound will continue for at least another 10,000 years. The total uplift from the end of deglaciation depends on the local ice load and could be several hundred metres near the centre of rebound.

Recently, the term "post-glacial rebound" is gradually being replaced by the term "glacial isostatic adjustment". This is in recognition that the response of the Earth to glacial loading and unloading is not limited to the upward rebound movement, but also involves downward land movement, horizontal crustal motion,[3][6] changes in global sea levels[7] and the Earth's gravity field,[8] induced earthquakes,[9] and changes in the Earth's rotation.[10] Another alternate term is "glacial isostasy", because the uplift near the centre of rebound is due to the tendency towards the restoration of isostatic equilibrium (as in the case of isostasy of mountains). Unfortunately, that term gives the wrong impression that isostatic equilibrium is somehow reached, so by appending "adjustment" at the end, the motion of restoration is emphasized.


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Widespread low rates of Antarctic glacial isostatic adjustment revealed by GPS observations

16 November 2011

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2011GL049277

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Glacial isostatic adjustment and post-seismic deformation in Antarctica

10 November 2022

https://www.lyellcollection.org/doi/full/10.1144/M56-2022-13

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Ocean loading effects on the prediction of Antarctic glacial isostatic uplift and gravity rates

12 February 2010

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00190-010-0368-4

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An investigation of Glacial Isostatic Adjustment over the Amundsen Sea sector, West Antarctica******

2012

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0921818112001567


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Glacial Isostatic Adjustment

29 October 2020

https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-42584-5_15

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Time lapse: Watch glaciers rise, fall in thousands of years per second

March 27, 2019

https://climate.nasa.gov/news/2854/time-lapse-watch-glaciers-rise-fall-in-thousands-of-years-per-second/

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Mass balance of the Antarctic Ice Sheet from 1992 to 2017

2018 Jun 13

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29899482/

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A new glacial isostatic adjustment model for Antarctica: calibrated and tested using observations of relative sea-level change and present-day uplift rates

27 June 2012

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1365-246X.2012.05557.x

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Glacial isostatic adjustment and post-seismic deformation in Antarctica

February 08, 2023

https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/gsl/books/edited-volume/2439/chapter/135861391/Glacial-isostatic-adjustment-and-post-seismic

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Antarctic glacial isostatic adjustment: a new assessment

18 November 2005

https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antarctic-science/article/abs/antarctic-glacial-isostatic-adjustment-a-new-assessment/9922D0DBA6B15C5513279A1D79407D95

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Glacial-Isostatic Adjustment Models Using Geodynamically Constrained 3D Earth Structures

25 October 2021

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2021GC009853

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A new glacial isostatic adjustment model for Antarctica: calibrated and tested using observations of relative sea-level change and present-day uplift rates

01 September 2012

https://academic.oup.com/gji/article/190/3/1464/570434?login=false

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Feasibility of a global inversion for spatially resolved glacial isostatic adjustment and ice sheet mass changes proven in simulation experiments

10 October 2022

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00190-022-01651-8

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Spatial and temporal Antarctic Ice Sheet mass trends, glacio-isostatic adjustment, and surface processes from a joint inversion of satellite altimeter, gravity, and GPS data

2016 Feb 3

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27134805/

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Detection of Crustal Uplift Deformation in Response to Glacier Wastage in Southern Patagonia

18 January 2023

https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/15/3/584/htm

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High geothermal heat flow beneath Thwaites Glacier in West Antarctica inferred from aeromagnetic data

18 August 2021

https://www.nature.com/articles/s43247-021-00242-3

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10 driest places on Earth

November 9, 2015

1. McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica: the driest place on Earth

https://ourplnt.com/driest-places/

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What is the Driest Place on Earth?

June 12, 2008

The driest place on Earth is in Antarctica in an area called the Dry Valleys, which have seen no rain for nearly 2 million years. There is absolutely no precipitation in this region and it makes up a 4800 square kilometer region of almost no water, ice or snow. Water features include Lake Vida, Lake Vanda, Lake Bonney and the Onyx River. There is no net gain of water. The reason why this region receives no rain is due to Katabatic winds, winds from the mountains that are so heavy with moisture that gravity pulls them down and away from the Valleys.

One feature of note is Lake Bonney, a saline lake situated in the Dry Valleys. It is permanently covered with 3 to 5 meters of ice. Scientists have found mummified bodies of seals around the lake. Lake Vanda, also in the region, is 3 times saltier than the ocean. Temperatures at the bottom of this lake are as warm as 25 degrees Celsius.

The next driest place in the world measured by the amount of precipitation that falls is the Atacama Desert in Chile and Peru. There are no glaciers that are feeding water to this area; and thus, very little life can survive. Some weather stations in this region have received no rain for years, while another station reports an average of one millimeter per year.

https://www.universetoday.com/15031/driest-place-on-earth/

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The ground is softening. Something is shifting in Antarctica’s McMurdo Dry Valleys

May 21, 2020

The first water measurements here were taken in 1903. Long-term monitoring since then tells the tale of an abrupt ecosystem shift

https://massivesci.com/articles/antarctica-dry-valley-melting-ozone-water-climate-change-science-friday/

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PERMAFROST PROPERTIES IN THE McMURDO SOUND–DRY VALLEY REGION OF ANTARCTICA

1998

https://www.arlis.org/docs/vol1/ICOP/40770716/CD-ROM/Proceedings/PDF001189/019136.pdf

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Searching for Organic Carbon in the Dry Valleys of Antarctica

6 December 2017

Researchers identify the first evidence of microbial respiration in desiccated Antarctic permafrost soils.

https://eos.org/research-spotlights/searching-for-organic-carbon-in-the-dry-valleys-of-antarctica

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Valley floor climate observations from the McMurdo dry valleys, Antarctica, 1986–2000

21 December 2002

https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1029/2001JD002045

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Geochemistry of aeolian material from the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica: Insights into Southern Hemisphere dust sources

2020

https://dwirokue.afphila.com/science/article/pii/S0012821X20304040


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Observations of platelet ice growth and oceanographic conditions during the winter of 2003 in McMurdo Sound, Antarctica

31 Mar 2006

https://typeset.io/papers/observations-of-platelet-ice-growth-and-oceanographic-3g6vtk51dj

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Ice-sheet expansion from the Ross Sea into McMurdo Sound, Antarctica, during the last two glaciations

2022

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0277379122000105

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Influence of Late Holocene climate on Lake Eggers hydrology, McMurdo Sound

11 February 2021

https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/antarctic-science/article/abs/influence-of-late-holocene-climate-on-lake-eggers-hydrology-mcmurdo-sound/063189BE64FC2668C257FEEE4DB753E0
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https://www.britannica.com/place/McMurdo-Sound

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-wxJP1l3qzU

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oZ0jg0L9Z2U

https://earthobservatory.nasa.gov/images/49600/sea-ice-in-mcmurdo-sound-antarctica



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What Are the Dry Valleys of Antarctica?

May 29 2018

https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-are-the-dry-valleys-of-antarctica.html

The Dry Valleys of Antarctica refers to the McMurdo Dry Valleys, which are located in the Transantarctic Mountains of Victoria Land, Antarctica. Instead of being covered in snow and ice like most valleys in Antarctica, the Dry Valleys are dry and covered with dirt, granite, and gravel. The low humidity levels prevent precipitation from forming and the high sides have kept glaciers from sliding down into the base of the valleys. This part of the continent is home to the Onyx River, which connects Lake Vanda and Lake Brownworth and is considered the continent's longest river. Additionally, Lake Vida is located in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, and has a higher salinity level than the surrounding ocean, and therefore harbored frozen 2,800-year-old microbes that were brought back to life in 2002. A number of other bodies of water are found here, including Lake Miers, Don Juan Pond, and Kite Stream.

The McMurdo Dry Valleys are made up of 15 separate valleys. Of these 15 valleys, the principal formations are: the Taylor Valley, Wright Valley, and Victoria Valley.
Taylor Valley

Taylor Valley is located at the southernmost point of the dry valley region in Antarctica and measures approximately 18 miles in length. Taylor Glacier once occupied the majority of the valley, although over time the glacier receded and is now located on the western side of Taylor Valley. To its east sits the New Harbour Bay. The valley is home to several bodies of water, including: Mummy Pond, Parera Pond, Lake Chad, Lake Fryxell, Lake Bonney, Lake Chad, Lake Popplewell, and Lake Hoare. It was first identified at the beginning of the 20th century by the British National Antarctic Expedition.
Wright Valley

Wright Valley is located in the middle of the three primary McMurdo Dry Valleys. To its east lies the McMurdo Sound and to its west lies the Labyrinth upland region. The valley is home to Lake Brownworth, which supplies water for the Onyx River, which is the longest river in Antarctica. Additionally, Lake Vanda, another source of water for the Onyx River, is located in Wright Valley. Despite its large size, it was one of the last McMurdo Dry Valleys to be discovered. Records indicate that it was identified during the 1940s, when aerial pictures of the region were taken. Later, in the 1960s, the Antarctic Division of New Zealand and the National Science Foundation of the United States identified the need for a permanent research base in the valley, and as a result the Vanda Station was later built. Today, it has been replaced by Lake Vanda Hut, which is a weather station.
Victoria Valley

Victoria Valley is the northernmost of the largest McMurdo Dry Valleys. It is situated between the Olympus Mountain Range to the south and the St. Johns Mountain Range to the north. To its west are three minor dry valleys: Balham, McKelvey, and Barwick. Like the other large valleys, Victoria Valley is home to a number of bodies of water, including: Victoria River (which drains into the Upper Victoria Lake), Lake Thomas, and Lake Vida (the largest lake in Antarctica).


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Wright Valley

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wright_Valley

The Wright Valley, named after Sir Charles Wright, is the central one of the three large Dry Valleys in the Transantarctic Mountains, located west of McMurdo Sound at approximately 77°10′S 161°50′E. Wright Valley contains the Onyx River, the longest river in Antarctica, Lake Brownworth, the origin of the Onyx River, and Lake Vanda, which is fed by the Onyx River. Its southwestern branch, South Fork, is the location of Don Juan Pond. The upland area known as the Labyrinth is at the valley's west end.

Although portions of the interconnected valley system were discovered in 1903 by the Discovery expedition led by Captain Robert Falcon Scott, the Wright Valley located near the centre of the system was not seen until aerial photographs of the region were made in 1947.[1] By the mid 1960s scientists were becoming increasingly intrigued by the paradoxical fact that the valley lay immediately adjacent to the permanent East Antarctic Ice Sheet, yet had remained ice-free for at least thousands of years.[2] Although Lake Vanda is covered by roughly 3 metres (9.8 ft) of ice year-round, lake temperatures of 25 °C (77 °F) had been reliably measured at a depth of 65 metres (213 ft).[3]

Increasing summer field activity and a clear need to establish a winter record led New Zealand's Antarctic Division and the National Science Foundation of the United States to plan a more permanent base in the valley. In 1968 New Zealand established Vanda Station near the eastern end of Lake Vanda.

Martin Cirque occupies the south wall of Wright Valley between Denton Glacier and Nichols Ridge.



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Something Inexplicable Is Happening In Antarctica!

Feb 5, 2023

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HYX4FDFEYf4

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Strangest Discoveries From Antarctica

Feb 9, 2023

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tUdCMBzBszs


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The Largest Underwater Volcano FINALLY Woke Up And Something Terrifying Is Happening!

Feb 1, 2023

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VnBv9A85N1Q

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Pole Shift Is HAPPENING! Earth's Magnetic Field Is Getting Weaker!

Feb 4, 2023

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0d55np01aPU

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Clays in Antarctica from millions of years ago reveal past climate changes

January 23, 2020

https://phys.org/news/2020-01-clays-antarctica-millions-years-reveal.html

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Does Elon Musk Believe in a Lost Civilization? - Joe Rogan

2022

https://www.youtube.com/shorts/pSFrHymK2q4

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The Most Mysterious Places on Earth 4K - ReYOUniverse

Jan 2, 2023

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tdsKw0dKSsg

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How To Get a Job in Antarctica | How to Work in Antarctica

Jan 1, 2023

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2WZuSVlX9Xo

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There are millions more Adelie penguins in Antarctica than we thought

March 16, 2017

https://www.australiangeographic.com.au/news/2017/03/there-are-millions-more-adelie-penguins-in-antarctica-than-we-thought/

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150,000 penguins 'killed off' by giant iceberg in Antarctica

13 February 2016

https://www.itv.com/news/2016-02-13/150-000-penguins-killed-off-by-giant-iceberg-in-antartica


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Creatures Made of Glass in Antarctica – Ariel Waldman's Talk at Eyeo 2022

Jan 8, 2023

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GJ9qNrfgsMM


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CIA Classified Book about the Pole Shift, Mass Extinctions and The True Adam & Eve Story

Jan 12, 2023

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4n3fkTq_p0o


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Terrifying New Discovery Under Antarctica's Ice Changes Everything

Jan 13, 2023

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MY6mds-T8pw


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Nuclear Explosion seen from New Zealand!

2022

https://www.youtube.com/shorts/2kU-OzhexUk

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Artifact of the Week 20230428 - Antarctic Service Medal

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IUgq7lRqEvM


Scientists Shocking New Discovery Under Antarctica's Ice

Apr 18, 2023

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ftMTGD0g-kc

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Russia Just Announced The TERRIFYING Truth About Antarctica

Mar 26, 2023

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Chcc29vSPZw

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An Amateur Archaeologist Discovered a 12,000-year-old Underwater City with Pyramid & Energy Field

March 2023

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=250_jBVtAlc

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Sudden Discovery Of Advanced Civilization Hidden in The Antarctica

Mar 23, 2023

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7qPmN_IUCtY

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Joe Rogan Just Revealed The TERRIFYING Truth About Antarctica

Mar 20, 2023

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-fz6jgaV8lQ

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Alex Honnold Summits Antarctica’s Vinson: ‘I Felt Shockingly Bad’

January 21, 2023

https://explorersweb.com/alex-honnold-mount-vinson-antarctica-altitude-sickness/


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Sudden Discovery: аn Advanced Civilization Hidden in Antarctica

Jan 19, 2023

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SzlRojcqNWA


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A Bizarre Discovery in the Deep Sea | Unveiled

2022

https://www.youtube.com/shorts/MiKSfJak5Xg

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Has Earth’s inner core stopped its strange spin?

23 January 2023

Earthquake data hint that the inner core stopped rotating faster than the rest of the planet in 2009, but not all researchers agree.

https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-023-00167-1?utm_source=pocket-newtab

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Operation Highjump | ADMIRAL BYRD AND the SECRET (NAZI UFO Base In Antarctica)

Dec 14, 2022

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tCreks14meA

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Scientists solve the mystery of green icebergs that are only seen in Antarctica

Mar 06, 2019

https://www.firstpost.com/tech/science/scientists-solve-the-mystery-of-green-icebergs-that-are-only-seen-in-antarctica-6207641.html

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The mystery of strange, emerald Green Icebergs in Antarctica Might have finally been solved

March 8, 2019

https://earthnewsreport.com/2019/03/08/the-mystery-of-strange-emerald-green-icebergs-in-antarctica-might-have-finally-been-solved/

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Pre-Adamite Civilization of Antarctica - How Did They Get Here and Where Did They Go?

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8MXC6E_EE2s

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https://theconversation.com/climate-explained-methane-is-short-lived-in-the-atmosphere-but-leaves-long-term-damage-145040






https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/why-capturing-methane-is-so-difficult/

https://www.sciencenews.org/article/methane-warm-earth-atmosphere-radiation

https://www.news.ucsb.edu/2023/021080/methanemapper-poised-solve-problem-underreported-methane-emissions

https://www.nytimes.com/2022/02/04/climate/methane-leaks-satellites.html

https://climate.mit.edu/ask-mit/why-do-we-compare-methane-carbon-dioxide-over-100-year-timeframe-are-we-underrating

https://climate.nasa.gov/news/2829/greenhouse-gas-detergent-recycles-itself-in-atmosphere-nasa-study/

https://engineering.princeton.edu/news/2023/03/13/switching-hydrogen-fuel-could-prolong-methane-problem

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Pollution Science 101 - The Arctic

 

June 17th, 2023

 

PollutionScience101Arctic.blogspot.com

 

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Pollution Science 101 - The Antarctic

June 17th, 2023

PollutionScience101Antarctic.blogspot.com

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Pollution Science 101 - Egypt

 

6/1/2020

https://pollutionscience101egypt.blogspot.com


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Pollution Science 101 - Russia

 

 December 2nd, 2015

 

Pollutionscience101Russia.blogspot.com

 
____________

Pollution Science 101 - China

 

 October 6th, 2015

 

Pollutionscience101China.blogspot.com

 
____________

Pollution Science 101 - Israel  (Fate of the Middle East) - 

 

 8/9/2019

 

https://pollutionscience101israel.blogspot.com


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Pollution Science 101 - Cancer Investigated (California)  

 

Jan/7/15 

Pollutionscience101cancerinvestigated.blogspot.com


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Pollution Science 101 - Mexico - Faults of Mexico  

 5/1/2019

 

https://pollutionscience101mexico.blogspot.com/

 

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 Pollution Science 101 - Texas Industry Pollution Investigated ( Texas vs BP Oil) 

 

 Feb/2/15

 

 Pollutionscience101texasvsbpoil.blogspot.com/


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 Energy Science 101   - ( Pollution Science 101 )  

 

 August 23rd, 2016

 

 EnergyScience101.blogspot.com


____________

Pollution Science 101 -   Solutions   

 

 August 23rd, 2016

 

Pollutionscience101solutions.blogspot.com/


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Laguna Beach Government corruption: Investigative report 1/16/2017.  (Asbestos contamination & our waterways in Orange County).

 

January 16th, 2017

Lagunabeachcorruption.blogspot.com


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Pollution Science 101 - India - Ecological Collapse 

 

 10/9/2017

 

PollutionScience101india.Blogspot.com


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Uranium Trade 101 - India & Pakistan ( Pollution Science 101- India ) 

 

10/9/2017 

UraniumTrade101india.Blogspot.com


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Pollution Science 101 - Cuba

 

May 7th, 2021

https://Pollutionscience101Cuba.blogspot.com

 

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Pollution Science 101 - Brazil - Emergency Report

 
                                                           
 1/7/2020

 

https://pollutionscience101brazil.blogspot.com


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Race Dysgenics Brazil | Eugenics in Brazil

 

1/8/2020

https://eugenicsbrazil.blogspot.com


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The Cephalic Investigation - Race Eugenics & Dysgenics (Skull Evolution & The History of the Lineage of Man)

 

4/10/2020

https://skullevolution.blogspot.com


____________

Eugenics 101 (Dysgenics 101) - Genetics, Race, Science, Eugenics & Dysgenics 

October 15th, 2020

https://eugenics101.blogspot.com


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Race Dysgenics: Evolution, Dysgenic De-evolution, Eugenics & Genetic Modification - The History of the Lineage of Man  

 

 3/5/2019

 

 https://racedysgenics.blogspot.com


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The Dysgenics Investigation - Race, Science & the Human Genome Project - The Eugenics Investigation (Akoniti)  

 04/19/2018

 

DysgenicsInvestigation.blogspot.com


____________

Genetically Modified Vaccines Investigated - The Eugenics Investigation (MonsantoInvestigation.com) 

 

8/15/2017

 

GMOvaccinesinvestigated.blogspot.com


____________

 Genetically Modified Humans & Viruses - The Eugenics Investigation 

 

July 7th, 2017

 

GMOhumansandviruses.blogspot.com


____________

The DuPont investigation 

 

Feb/18/14

 

 http://dupontinvestigation.blogspot.com

  

____________

 King Solomon's Temple Investigation Marathon - Legend 

 

 7/21/2019

 

https://solomonstempleinvestigation.blogspot.com

 

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